Writting exercises Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writting works out - Research Paper Example Nonetheless, on occasion they will feel so insufficient, powerless and shaky. Then again, exemplification in favor of guys declares that guys will in general create physical quality and to improve their manliness. What's more, exemplification expresses that the cognizance of guys or females is probably going to be somewhat formed by their body. Real information includes an individual’s information on the capability of their body and its capacity. In this way, sex exemplification will in general change the majority of the men’s examines that have been advanced. This is on the grounds that; the majority of these investigations declare that; manliness is basically implied for the men and that it is a factor that separates them from ladies. In any case, as per epitome of sex, every individual can know their body and comprehend its working and in this manner, have the option to function as it concurs. For example, the realist female’s hypothesis expresses that; each i ndividual’s body has the potential for aggregate strengthening and change (Theberge, 499). This infers; manliness in men’s examines is definitely not a trademark that can be utilized to recognize men from ladies (Howson, 37). Sex encapsulation additionally changes men’s concentrates since; it affirms that females can likewise participate in exercises which have been put aside as having a place with men as it were. While manliness contemplates declare that it is just men who can take an interest in specific games, for example, hockey, epitome expresses that females can likewise take part since in such games since; all they need is to deliberately comprehend their body and what it can do. Sexual orientation epitome expresses that an individual doesn't need to characterize their inclination as indicated by what manliness speculations state. This is on the grounds that; our bodies are liable to change and flexibility. Along these lines, all we need it is to prepare our bodies and they will learn and adjust. Also, the social qualification of a

The American Obsession with Bodily Perfection free essay sample

The American Obsession with Bodily Perfection America is a developing and evolving country, however one trademark has outlived the years. The fixation for a socially-acknowledged body, regardless of whether it be wearing a bodice, being huge and shapely or, for men, being strong and fit, has consistently existed. The guilty party, a pessimistic self-perception, presently frequents around 8,000,000 individuals over the United States and is starting to saturate increasingly American personalities as the â€Å"Perfect† infection spreads (Davis 8). In the previous decade, the strain to have â€Å"the impeccable body† has significantly expanded in America; each person in this country has an alternate perspective on what â€Å"the immaculate body† really is, and numerous individuals who are looking for it are eager to take radical measures, such as experiencing a dietary problem or turning towards restorative medical procedure to delete the blemishes of their body they accept exist. Missions for â€Å"the impeccable body† in the previous not many years have expanded in the two guys and females. We will compose a custom paper test on The American Obsession with Bodily Perfection or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Ladies are beat with media consistently letting them know, â€Å"thin is in† or â€Å"thinner is better,† however as a general rule, accomplishing this â€Å"ideal† body is once in a while unthinkable and undesirable to get (Davis 12). Ten billion dollars a year is spent by the American populace to look â€Å"ideal† and get more fit (Kuberskey 19-20). Truth be told, â€Å"ideal weight† has differed in America starting with one age then onto the next. Marilyn Monroe was breathtaking and amble in multi decade and, in another, Kate Moss started the slim scourge, however both for their timespan were perfect. The data expressing that flimsy is wonderful flashes from the media, for female VIPs are normally depicted on the TV or in magazines without blemishes. What numerous young ladies don't comprehend about TV and magazines is the craft of advanced body forming. All models or superstars have flaws, yet in pictures or advanced pictures the manager digitally embellish over them, making a look of flawlessness. Unfortunately, these bogus proclamations and pictures influence high school young ladies, the fundamental perusers of these magazines and watchers of these network shows (Davis 21). Adolescent years are when young ladies discover what their identity is, and cutting-edge high school young ladies have now been instructed that being slim is the main acknowledged real structure (Kuberskey 15-16). As indicated by Brangien Davis, â€Å"Advertisers in the excellence and style enterprises cause it to appear that in the event that we don’t make progress toward the magnificence perfect, we won’t be fruitful or glad in life† (13). In the advertiser’s minds, the main thing that issues is that magnificence sells (Davis 21). In view of these weights to look wonderful and advanced, a negative self-perception will in general influence females instead of guys. Young ladies characterize themselves by their appearance, yet young men characterize themselves by their capacities, along these lines, men wish to be lean and strong. Consequently, men are not invulnerable to the journey for real flawlessness; nobody is (Davis 15). These missions for flawlessness are typically imperceptible in men, for men don't talk about their fixation since they dread being humiliated or looking ladylike. Guys are subliminally affected by solid legends like GI Joe, muscle and wellness magazines, or even male models (Kassar). These men with body issues accept they are not solid or slender enough and dread putting on weight. These furtively charmed men are starting to show their fixations in our regular day to day existences similarly as usually as ladies show their fixations. Men’s interests with the ideal body are once in a while more hazardous than women’s interests, for men use drugs like anabolic steroids to pick up muscle and become â€Å"ideal. † They turn out to be unnecessarily and use Creatine to build muscle tone and, deceivingly, look conditioned and solid, despite the fact that their body is enduring (Kassar). Dr. Brian Kassar accepts that â€Å"In men’s point of view on the off chance that you are slim, strong and ‘virile,’ you will be actually and explicitly satisfied. † To have â€Å"the impeccable body,† weight is clearly a significant worry to the brains of these obsessive individuals. They grow, now and then after Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, dietary issues, for example, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Disordered Eating. Different reasons for dietary issues incorporate media, VIPs, models, notices, kid misuse or needing unlimited authority over oneself (Kuberskey 28-30). Youngsters from their initial high school a long time to mid-twenties are particularly helpless to these dietary issues, for promotions, network shows, and magazine articles are focused towards individuals in this age gathering (6). Dietary problems are most regularly caught wind of on the TV, for, in Hollywood, famous people are denounced, each day, of having a dietary issue. As a result of a typical misguided judgment that big names are the main people that experience the ill effects of these psychological instabilities, numerous individuals don't understand that it exists surrounding them. It is evaluated that sixty-two percent of high school young ladies and twenty eight percent of adolescent young men have been on diets, and a significant number of these youngsters have utilized perilous strategies to shed pounds (6). The most well-known dietary issue is Bulimia Nervosa. This sickness is a cutting edge infection, for it was as of late, in the previous a few decades, found (Kuberskey 41-46). Bulimia is amazingly difficult to recognize however risky, for individuals with this psychological maladjustment are not very dainty, as they are with Anorexia, and may look solid outwardly while enduring inside. Since the two most normal qualities of Bulimia are gorging, eating a lot of food in a short measure of time, and cleansing, disgorging the food after gulped, it is amazingly destructive to the stomach related framework. It dissolves the throat, gums and teeth and, additionally, upsets the heart musicality (Kuberskey 41-46). Cleansing comes in numerous structures including utilizing intestinal medicines, water pills or diet pills, practicing exorbitantly, and fasting before gorging. Bulimia is frequently conveyed by a victim alongside a mystery and dishonor about pigging out then vomiting (Segal). The second most basic dietary problem and, additionally, the deadliest is Anorexia Nervosa. The death rate for Anorexia Nervosa is the most elevated of any psychological issue (Jerome). Anorexia, for short, is the refusal to save a solid load for one’s tallness, body type, age and action level (Segal). This ailment is created when individuals take the new â€Å"Diet Fad† excessively far and started to starve themselves to get their ideal outcomes. They spend each second stressing over food, and the most exceedingly awful and most dreaded inclination an anorectic can encounter is the vibe of being full. They show a mind-boggling apprehension of getting fat and have an extraordinary worry about body weight and picture. Cautioning indications of Anorexia are outrageous weight reduction, dry, fair skin, fragile hair and, for females, lost menstrual periods (Kuberskey 36-40). A third sort of dietary issue is Disordered Eating, EDNOS, which is outrageous food limitation and weight the board. Forty to fifty percent of ladies are viewed as confused eaters (Natenshon). A few qualities of being a scattered eater are censuring food and afterward spitting it without gulping it and pigging out then vomiting unpredictably (Segal). Natenshon states the accompanying data that could keep one from turning into a cluttered eater: 1. Counting calories is the most noticeably awful approach to get more fit. 2. Breakfast is the most significant feast of the day, so eat it! . Fat free eating isn't solid. 4. Inordinate conduct about food is unfortunate (Natenshon) Disordered eating isn't as controlling as a genuine dietary issue like Anorexia or Bulimia, yet it might prompt one. An approaching inquiry skims around in numerous personalities after they have been instructed or educated about these psychological sicknesses: Do victims from dietary problems ever totally recoup? I ndividual understudy Sarah Darby, whom was influenced, or halfway despite everything is influenced, by Anorexia trusts one never truly recoups from dietary problems. She expresses the accompanying: NO, I don't trust Anorexia or other dietary issues are something that you ever recuperate from. I was determined to have Anorexia, and I will always be unable to take a gander at a cut of pizza without scanning for the oil or eat up a treat without ascertaining the calories. With each look in the mirror, I play out an assessment of my size and body, however life goes on. Without this disease I would not be me (Sarah Darby Interview). As should be obvious, these debilitating illnesses consistently prowl inside their transporters, and are consistently, in the rear of their psyches, saying â€Å"NO,† to food. Numerous individuals bolster this feeling, yet others like the Renfrew Center, whom help the dietary problem victims, trust it very well may be restored and work each day to demonstrate it can occur. The Renfrew Center, and its numerous parts of business, is a forty bed office for ladies where every one experiences treatment for their self-explicit dietary problem; these facilities can approach $1,500 per day. At this restoration community the patients partake in singular, craftsmanship, move and treatment meetings just as weigh-ins, room checks and firmly observed suppers. Staff members keep a close eye on the victims, ensuring they adhere to the entirety of the exacting standards (â€Å"Dying to be Thin†). With the expansion in dietary issues, numerous psychological and clinical medicines have been created to help out these psychological patients recoup. Some psychological medicines incorporate Individual treatment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Family and Group Therapy, and even Online Support Groups. Clinical medicines additionally exist; they incorporate antidepre

Eliminations Of Entrepreneurial Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ends Of Entrepreneurial Risk - Essay Example Endeavors and business people limit the danger of their activity by overseeing assorted arrangement of speculations and resources. Be that as it may, chance alleviation may, thusly, decline the odds of a greater prize. The hazard is the thing that isolates a salaried activity from an undertaking. Organizations prosper in brief timeframes on the grounds that they attempt hazard and vulnerability that turns out in support of themselves. The hazard isn't equivalent to betting. It contaminates substantially more mind boggling. Hazard figuring includes worldwide evaluation of monetary and money related markers. These markers are gone through money related models to anticipate the chance of a good result. The will to face challenge is reliant upon certain mental variables. The possibility hypothesis introduced in 1979 by Kahneman clarifies what sort of people or business visionaries would show chance looking for conduct and on what grounds. The hypothesis discusses a reference point which is basically an imprint that characterizes the cases under which a business visionary would want to win and losing (The Open University 2012). This conduct characterizes whether an individual will show chance disinclined or hazard looking for conduct. How a business visionary characterizes lose and benefit characterizes his/her conduct. In the graphical portrayal of the hypothesis, the part of the bend over the reference point shows hazard opposed conduct while the segment beneath the bend shows chance looking for conduct. This basically implies business visionaries show chance looking for conduct in the area of misfortune that is the point at which they hope for something else. More desire prompts a higher reference point. Business visionaries by and large set higher reference focuses than others. A higher reference point over a specific conveyance of results proposes progressively potential results of misfortune and as indicated by the possibility hypothesis, individuals under the space of misfortune will in general show hazard looking for conduct.

The Dangers of Genetic Engineering essays

The Dangers of Genetic Engineering expositions Odds are you have just eaten hereditarily adjusted life forms (GMOs). Take a gander at the fixing list on any bundled food in your organizer. Any food with fixings from corn, soy, canola, or cottonseed is probably going to be made with GMOs. A great many items on store racks are made with GMOs. There are as of now more than 50 million sections of land of GMO crops developing in the U.S. These nourishments contain hereditary material that has at no other time been a piece of the human eating regimen, from crops that have not advanced in any regular habitat. Hereditary designing isn't conventional rearing. A hereditarily adjusted living being is a plant, creature or microorganism that is made by implies that conquer regular limits. Hereditary building can include crossing species which couldn't cross in nature. For instance, qualities from a fish have been embedded into strawberries and tomatoes. It can likewise include placing synthetic substances into food. Practically all GMOs developed today are in one of two assortments: bug safe and herbicide open minded crops. The yield delivers a bug poison as it develops, in each cell of the plant all through the whole developing season. At the point when you eat GMO creepy crawly safe corn you are eating a pesticide. In spite of these alarmingly unnatural changes, you won't find hereditarily designed on the mark of any of these items. The business doesn't need you to realize that it has set out on an analysis special in mankind's history, an investigation that specialists and researchers around the globe are cautioning may not be sheltered. One territory of concern is natural contamination. While substance contamination has been the scourge of the twentieth century, organic contamination from GMO crops acts considerably more perils like we enter the new thousand years. Dissimilar to synthetic substances that are discharged into the earth, GMOs are living creatures that will replicate and spread wildly, with no chance of regulation or tidy up. Another result of GMOs is the expanded use o... <!

Global Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Worldwide Marketing - Essay Example As indicated by Hall (1977) notwithstanding scholarly nature of culture, anthropologists consider that every social viewpoint are interlinked and inside a culture various gatherings share a similar culture that separates these gatherings also. In this way, change in one element impacts different parts of the way of life in either immediate or circuitous manner (p.16). As opposed to basic conviction, culture is more than workmanship, music or writing with regards to promoting on worldwide level. It’s a significant wellspring of impact on action in the commercial center. As per Keegan(2002) culture is characterized as â€Å"ways of living† by anthropologists and sociologists. These specific ways are framed by gathering of people and go starting with one age then onto the next. These methods of living are inaction in type of social, instructive, business and strict establishments. Culture isn't one time arrangement yet a blend of cognizant and oblivious arrangement of thoughts, convictions, mentalities and images that structure aggregate human conduct (pp.94-5). Culture is a mind boggling and fascinating part of universal business condition. Suitable information on social measurements assumes a vital job in item improvement, advancement, human asset the board, business dealings and the executives of socio-world of politics. One of the serious issues is the verifiable idea of social highlights. Social factors end up being inconvenient for multinationals with inadequate schoolwork as their administrators neglect to understand the difference that prompts genuine bumbles (Cherunilam, 2007, p.75). Cherunilam(2007) further discloses that so as to create the perfect methodologies for potential clients in a specific culture, it is unavoidable for advertisers to comprehend their societies. A few items and administrations are acknowledged in one culture while others dismiss them. It is urgent to alter the items

Need to push your SNAP benefits further

Need to push your SNAP benefits further Need to push your SNAP benefits further? Need to push your SNAP benefits further?If youre currently on SNAP benefits, then that probably means you’re on a tight and limited income. In order to make the most of your benefits, you’ll need to stretch them as far they can go.SNAP stands for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. You might also know them as “Food Stamps (they were formerly paper stamps as opposed to the current  Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) card).SNAP benefits aren’t particularly large. There’s a lot of variation based on income and household size; the average monthly benefit for a single person is just $142.1 Still, if youre careful about how you spend that money, you can make that $142 go a long wayâ€"and without resorting to unhealthy junk food either!Wondering if you qualify for SNAP?A lot determines whether you qualify for SNAP or not, but the main factor is income.For a single person to qualify, you’ll need a gross income that’s at 130% of the poverty line or lower. The more people i n the household who rely on your income, the higher that income can be while still allowing you to qualify for SNAP benefits.If someone is elderly or has certain medical expenses, it will also loosen the requirements. To find out whether or not you qualify for SNAP benefits, you can use this tool on  the USDA website.How can you maximize your benefits?If you want to get the most out of your benefits, you’ll have to shop carefully. Health coach Jennifer Benson, of BudgetEpicurean.com (@BudgetEpicurean) gave us some advice on how you can get the most filling, nutritious food without spending too much.Oatmeal“Oatmeal is a super cheap staple that is very versatile. Just put ½-1 cup oats in a bowl, and warm up in the microwave with some water or milk of your choice. You can add any fruits you have on hand like cut up apples or pears, banana, dried cranberries, or raisins. Add a drizzle of maple syrup or brown sugar or agave to sweeten it up, or try savory oatmeal too, with spinach a nd a runny egg mixed in!”TunaBenson also suggested tuna as a cheap source of protein: “Canned tuna is surprisingly more than just a tuna sandwich or tuna on crackers. And speaking of, there are so many different ways to spin a tuna salad! Add lemon juice, plain Greek yogurt instead of mayonnaise, add something sweet like cranberries, crunchy like slivered almonds, or slice a whole hard boiled egg or some avocado in it. There is so much more potential to tuna than just diced celery.”FlourBenson also recommends buying your own flour: “Though boring, flour is perhaps the most versatile ingredient. If you have the space to store it, buy in bulk, as it is cheaper per pound. But make sure you store the extra in a sealed, plastic or glass container because pantry moths love flour, and they are the worst! Flour can be used in endless ways, from thickening a soup or sauce, to breading a chicken cutlet. You can use the flour to add bulk to a meatloaf or meatballs, or to make a roux or gravy.”Looking for more ways to maximize?If you’re on Twitter, follow the @USDANutrition account. They tweet information about SNAP as well as general stories about eating healthy on the cheap. Here are some more facts about the program directly from the USDA.Author and cook Leanne Brown (@leelb) released a cookbook for people on SNAP called Good and Cheap. It’s available as a free PDF and has been downloaded more than one million times! Check it out for lots of great, cheap recipe recommendations.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINWorks Cited:1 “A Quick Guide to SNAP Eligibility and Benefits” CBPP.org. Accessed on March 30, 2017 at http://www.cbpp.org/research/a-quick-guide-to-snap-eligibility-and-benefits.About the Contributors:Jennifer Benson, is an Integrative Nutrition Health Coach (BudgetEpicurean.com) with over twelve years of experience in various scientific and health-related fields, she  has a wide base of knowledge and a passion for educat ing, guiding, and empowering others to achieve vibrant health! Many years in research and higher education lead to an interest in nutrition  and she soon  became convinced that our current food system and society had lost touch with our innate sense of self and what makes and keeps us well. A strong personal family history of diabetes coupled with a skyrocketing general epidemic of diabetes and obesity in America fueled her passion for learning and exploring holistic solutions and prevention.

Morally Questionable Smog in the Fiction of Stevenson and Pynchon - Literature Essay Samples

The Crying of Lot 49, by Thomas Pynchon, and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, by Robert Louis Stevenson, both explore the ambiguous nature of human morality through the lens of mystery. Both texts are set in an urban environment, the character’s surroundings constantly obscured with an ever present, metaphorically resonant smog and fog respectively. This fog is physical manifestation of the morally dubious nature of the characters and the sinister underpinnings of both stories. This sordid undercurrent is only explicitly revealed to the protagonists when the smog dissipates, thereby implying that one cannot see the darkness that lurks beneath the facade of urban environments though the moral fog. This forces the readers to consider what the fog of modern society might be hiding in their own lives. In both stories, the fog can be assumed to be a constant, and both protagonists experience epiphanies when it parts by chance or when they manage to rise above it. When the smog clears momentarily in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, everything is thrown into sharp relief; the reality of the dark underbelly of London is revealed to Utterson, the protagonist, in crisp detail. For a moment, the fog would be quite broken up, and a haggard shaft of daylight would glance in between the swirling wreaths. The dismal quarter of Soho seen under these changing glimpses, with its muddy ways, and slatternly passengers, and its lamps, which had never been extinguished or had been kindled afresh to combat this mournful reinvasion of darkness, seemed, in the lawyer’s eyes, like a district of some city in a nightmare. [] As the cab drew up before the address indicated, the fog lifted a little and showed him a dingy street, a gin palace, a low French eating house, a shop for the retail of penny numbers and twopenny salads, many ragged children huddled in the doorway, and many women of many different nationalities passing out, key in hand, to have a morning glass; and the next moment the fog settled down again upon that part, as brown as umber, and cut him off from his blackguardly surroundings. (23) It is only when the fog clears that Utterson can see the disquieting, hidden part of London. Oedipa is similarly accustomed to seeing through smog, she only notices it when it is absent or when she is removed from it. One such instance is her arrival in San Narciso, the smog fades as she overlooks the city and its absence startles her enough that she has to, â€Å"squint for the sunlight† (24). In doing so, she can see more than what is right before her eyes. She looked down a slope, [] onto a vast sprawl of houses which had grown up all together, like a well-tended crop, from the dull brown earth; and she thought of the time she’d opened a transistor radio to replace a battery and seen her first printed circuit. The ordered swirl of houses and streets, from this high angle, sprang at her now with the same unexpected, astonishing clarity as the circuit card had. Thought she knew even less about radios than about Southern Californians, there were to both outward batters a hieroglyphic sense of concealed meaning, of an intent to communicate. There’d seemed no limit to what the printed circuit could have told her (if she had tried to find out); so in her first minute of San Narciso, a revelation also trembled just past the threshold of her understanding. Smog hung all round the horizon, the sun on the bright beige countryside was painful; she and the Chevy seemed parked at the centre of an odd, religious instant. As if, on some other frequency, or out of the eye of some whirlwind rotating too slow for her heated skin even to feel the centrifugal coolness of, words were being spoken. She suspected that much. (24) The jarring lucidity she experiences, and her realization that there is something interconnected and deliberate, something sinister and uncomfortable lurking below the exterior facade of San Narciso echos Utterson’s sudden confrontation with the reality of the seedy underbelly of London, for both are only visible when the fog parts. These moments of clarity, moments in which the characters notice the smog screen through which they ordinarily observe their surroundings and the world is thrown into high enough relief that darker plot becomes almost visible, are all the more interesting when one considers the metaphorical implications of the fog. In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the fog keeps Utterson’s London in a perpetual state of murky twilight. It not white or black but, â€Å"rich, lurid brown† (23). The morality of the characters in both stories is similarly unclear Jekyll is sympathetic due to his pain and eventual remorse yet he repeatedly chooses to become Hyde, to personify and nurture the worst part of his nature. The readers root for Oedipa as she attempts to unravel the mystery and conspiracy of the Trystero but her character is questionable as she repeatedly cheats on her husband in the process. However, both texts remain equivocal on how their characters should be viewed; characters within the stories judge their contemporaries (as Utterson judges Jekyll) but, the final moral estimation is left open to the reader’s interpretation. Within the text, the characters are allowed to remain neither black or white they are a â€Å"rich, lurid brown† themselves (23). The fog can then be metaphorically seen as a fog of questionable morals, as both authors project the morally dubious nature of their characters onto the city in which they live. This, in turn, says something larger about the urban environments they inhabit. In using the fog to obscure the truth and to cast a shadow of moral doubt over both cities, the authors suggest that the same happens throughout modern, urban life. Pynchon alludes to the spread of moral ambiguity in modern, urban society directly, when, during an instant of unwitting perspicuity, Oedipa herself notices the metaphorical and physical fog spread to an area the â€Å"folklore,† claims it hadn’t previously infiltrated, though she refuses to admit that what she sees is smog, given the implication that its presence conceals something nefarious, Looking down at San Francisco a few minutes later from the high point of the bridge’s arc, she saw smog. Haze, she corrected herself, is what it is, haze. How can they have smog in San Francisco? Smog, according to the folklore, did not begin till farther south. It had to be the angle of the sun.(108) Hence, in concerning themselves with the spread of moral fog, both texts encourage readers to attempt to peer through it, through the obstructions of urban development, to get to the heart of things. They suggests that urban cities exist under this brown cover, in moral twilight zones, which allows things like the conspiracy of the Trystero or the mystery and murder of Jekyll and Hyde to go unseen and unrecognized. This in turn fosters in their readers the feelings of unease and morbid curiosity, similar to the feelings of justified paranoia experienced by Oedipa and Utterson. By illustrating that the fog that shrouds Oedipa and Utterson’s cities conceals the sinister and mysterious plots at work in both stories and projecting the morally questionable nature of the characters onto that fog, The Crying of Lot 49 and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, suggest that urban environments allow their habiants to exist in a state of moral blindness and urge their readers to look for the moments when things become clear, to watch for the parting of the smog, and to really take notice when it happens, hinting that perhaps the events of these books, or at least things of a similarly sinister nature, are more plausible than one might think, and that one might be able to see them if only the fog would part. Works Cited Pynchon, Thomas. The Crying of Lot 49. New York: Harper Row, 1986. Print.Steventon, Robert Louis. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2003. Print.

Models of Memory - 2270 Words

Outline and Evaluate Models of Memory. (12 Marks) There are roughly four models of memory in total, but two stand out and are used in this particular specification. Atkinson and Schifrin’s (1968) â€Å"Multi-Store Model† is one of them. Their model suggests that the memory consists of three stores, a sensory store, a short-term store and a long-term store; all three have a specific and relatively inflexible function. It stressed that information for our environment such as the visual or auditory and haptic (by touch) initially goes into the sensory memory or empirical register. However, it has very limited capacity, and its duration is very brief, so if we do not notice this much we would forget it, but if we pay attention to it or think†¦show more content†¦If we then decide to remember the information, it would then go back to the short-term memory where it would be rehearsed. In the Long-term memory, information is encoded as declarative semantic or episodic according to Tulvig. It is also encoded as semantic memory as stated by Baddeley. The only problem with this is that the test lacks ecological validity as it was carried out in a laboratory, and that the study could be criticized in terms of demand characteristics where the people involved could have already known what results they were aiming for, in which case the results would be biased. There was also experimenter bias, as the person involved already knew what he was aiming for and didn’t allow for natural course of events. Also the group was not a representative of all the undergraduates tested. On a Positive note, the study has good reliability as the group was partially quite big. This study has been supported by several theories and psychologists as well as statements. The primacy effect supports this study, as it stresses that through research those who had to recall a list of items, recalled the first ones and last ones better than those through the middle as earlier items were rehearsed better and transferred to the Lon-term memory whilst later ones were in the short-term memory. As it also suggests, rehearsal was prevented by an interference task, meaning that theShow MoreRelatedThe Multi Store Model And The Working Memory Model1278 Words   |  6 PagesMemory is our ability to encode, store,retain and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain (Luke Mastin,2010). In this review I am going to focus on the multi store model and the working memory model, which explain in detail how memory works. The multi-store model (MSM) of memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), explains that the memory is made up of three different stores.These are: sensory memory (SM), short term memory(STM) and long term memory(LTM). This modelRead MoreEssay about Mulit-Store Model of Memory vs. Working Memory Model1101 Words   |  5 Pagescontrast the multi-store model of memory with the working memory model. This essay will firstly briefly describe the theories and important facts about the original multi-store model of memory (MSM) and the working memory model (WMM). This essay will then evaluate the key studies within these two models and explain the strengths and weaknesses of the main theories. The final part of this essay will be to examine the similarities and differences between the two models. The first issue that needsRead MoreWorking Memory Model Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesthe multi-store model for being a very simplistic view of memory. They saw short term memory as a store that had many individual sections inside it. This was supported by patient KF who had epilepsy, the doctor wanted to try and remedy this by removing his hippocampus. This surgery was done, however instead of fixing his epilepsy, it damaged his short term memory, yet he still had his long term memory intact. In the multi-store model it states that in order to have long term memory, one needs to haveRead MoreThe Multistore Model of Memory Essay558 Words   |  3 PagesMultistore Model of Memory The multistore model is a representation of memory based on having more than one different kind of store for remembered information. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed this model based on evidence related to the separate stores of memory (e.g. serial position: primacy recency, forgetting etc.). It suggests that memory comprises of three separate stores, the sensory memory store, the short-term memory and the long-term memory, eachRead MoreOutline and Evaluate the Working Memory Model1210 Words   |  5 Pagespicture of short-term memory (STM) provided by the Multi-Store Model was far too simple. Following the Multi-Store Model, it is believed that STM holds limited amounts of information for short periods of time with relatively little processing, it is believed to be a unitary store. This means that due to its single store it has no subsystems, unlike the Working Memory Model which has many subsystems. This proves that the Working Memory is not a unitary store. Working Memory is STM. In contrast toRead MoreThe Atkinson And Shiffrin Modal Model Of Memory2042 Words   |  9 PagesMemory is a very crucial topic not everyone understands. We might hear an individual saying â€Å"He has a great memory,† or others mentioning they have a â€Å"bad memory† whenever they have forgotten an important subject. People use the term memory frequently but often not knowing its true meaning. According to Baddeley (1999), memory is not an actual organ as the heart, the kidneys, or the liver; instead, it consists of a network in which many systems work together, allowing us to be capable of rememberingRead MoreEssay on Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Memory Model1140 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model fai led to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by AtkinsonRead MoreThe Multi Store Model Of Memory And Research Into Eyewitness Testimony1065 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss how memory can be explained with reference to models of memory and research into Eyewitness Testimony. Introduction The investigation into memory - how we encode, store and retrieve data - made great advances in the 20th century. Along with biological influences memories define who we are, without them our individuality would be lost. This essay will scrutinize the multi-store model of memory and working model of memory to determine their legitimacy. Each model will be examined on its meritsRead MoreThe Working Memory Model Was Proposed By Baddeley And Hitch2547 Words   |  11 PagesWorking Memory The working memory model was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. They replaced the concept of short- term memory, which was proposed in 1986 by Atkinson- Shiffrin model because they believed the model-lacked detail. Every day we have occasions where we keep particular pieces of important information briefly in our mind, storing them until an opportunity arises. For example remembering a phone number while you are hearing it and dialling it or holding directions in your mind untilRead MoreThe Working Memory Model Proposed by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch1630 Words   |  7 Pages That our memory isn’t veridical is not a novel idea. This means that we don’t perfectly remember everything that we have seen or experienced in the past. Broadly speaking, there are two fundamental memory errors that occur in everyday life. One is forgetting events that have occurred, and the other is remembering something that did not transpire (or misremembering them in the way that they occurred). The first error, forgetting, is very common, and needs no explanation. We can all think of instances

A Research Study On Prostate Cancer - 1602 Words

Tolypocladium sp. was incubated with cobalt (II) chloride, cobalt (II) nitrate, cobalt thiocyanate, erbium chloride, or palladium (III) acetate to produce secondary metabolites that may serve as therapeutic agents for various diseases. Cultures were incubated with its respective metal compound for three weeks at room temperature, followed by compound extraction using ethyl acetate. All samples were subject to LC-MS for analysis. Maximiscin was the predominant compound produced by Tolypocladium sp. when incubated with cobalt (II) chloride, cobalt (II) nitrate, and erbium chloride. Compound production was significantly reduced with the addition of palladium (III) acetate and all compound production was suppressed with the incubation of†¦show more content†¦Radiation and chemotherapy may only partially penetrate a tumor; remaining malignant tissue will allow the cancer to reoccur within the patient. Incomplete tumor removal is a risk associated with surgical removal of cancerou s tissue.3 Additionally, studies have shown that radiation promotes cancerous cell growth. Radiation promotes a cellular process known as autophagy, which supports metabolic functions while a cell is living with some sort of environmental stress. Typically, the cell will degrade longstanding organelles and proteins to recycle the molecular units of macromolecules. This becomes an alternate source of nutrients during cell survival. Within a premalignant cell, autophagy will prevent a cell from replicating if it is cancerous. Once the cell has become malignant, it is living under environmentally stress induced by hypoxia and nutrient depletion. Malignant cells are dependent of autophagy for survival, and radiation promotes autophagy; this, radiation promotes cancer.4 Current cancer treatments have high risks of harsh side effects and a high probability of reoccurring cancer. There is an urgent need for new anticancer therapies; compounds derived from the natural products of bacteria a nd fungi have been investigated as a possible solution. The natural product industry gained popularity around1970-1980 and the primary focus is to determine the structure of small molecule produced

Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria - 751 Words

Reference: Agarwal, J.P. (1980) Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: A Survey, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 116, pp. 739-773 Akinlo, A.E. 2004. Foreign direct investment and growth in Nigeria: An empirical investigation. Journal of Policy Modelling, 26: 627-39. Aliber, Robert Z. The Multinational Enterprise in a Multiple Currency World. In The Multinational Enterprise, ed. John H. Dunning. London: Allen Unwin, 1971. Aluko, S.A. (1961). Financing economic development in Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 3(1): 39-67. Bengos, M. and B. Sanchez-Robles. (2003). Foreign direct investment, economic freedom and growth: New evidence from Latin America. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3):†¦show more content†¦Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, March 1991. Loots, E. (000) Foreign direct investment flows to African countries: Trends, determinants and future prospects. Paper presented at the African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific 22nd Annual and International Conference, Perth, April, 2000. McDougall, Gilles (1995). The Economic Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on Corporations. Industry Canada Working Paper, Number 4, February. Ottawa: Industry Canada. Meier G. M. (1984) leading issues in economic Development. Oxford University Press, 4th edition. Odozi, V.A. 1995. An Overview of Foreign Investment in Nigeria 1960-1995. Occasional Paper No. 11. Research Department, Central Bank of Nigeria. Otepola, Ayorinde. 2002. FDI as a Factor of Economic Growth in Nigeria. Dakar, Senegal: African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (IDEP), May. Available on line rom idep@unidep.org, http//unidep.org. Nigerian Economic Society (1988) Rekindling Investment for economic Development in Nigeria. Selected papers for the annual conference. Solow, R. 1956. A Contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70: 65-94. UNCTAD. (2000). Capital Flows and Growth in Africa. New York: United Nations. Vernon, Raymond. (971)Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger,. Zhang, K.H. 2001. Does foreign direct investment promote economicShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Nigeria Economic Growth9932 Words   |  40 PagesCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Industrialization has not only changed the way the world do business but also changed the world itself. Fortunately, Nigeria is one of the countries that did not escape its impact. Industrialization is the process of social and economic change that transforms a human group from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related withRead MoreThe Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Nigeria Economic Growth9940 Words   |  40 PagesCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Industrialization has not only changed the way the world do business but also changed the world itself. Fortunately, Nigeria is one of the countries that did not escape its impact. Industrialization is the process of social and economic change that transforms a human group from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related withRead MoreAN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE MINING SECTOR IN NIGERIA15805 Words   |  64 Pagesï » ¿ABSTRACT This study attempted to estimate the environmental impact of Foreign Direct Investment in the mining sector in Nigeria. It is argued that only those countries that have reached a certain income level can absorb new technologies and benefit from technology diffusion, and thus reap the extra advantages that FDI can offer. The mining industry in Nigeria is dominated by oil. Indeed, Nigeria is the largest producer of this commodity in Africa and sixth largest producers in the world. This researchRead MoreThe Euro-zone Crisis Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagespast decade the world has witnessed a collapse of the world financial system, the Euro-zone crisis, an imploding Middle East, conflicts in Ukraine and natural disasters that have rocked global stock markets and investor confidence. Global Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) fell by 18 per cent to $1.3 trillion in 2012. This decline was in sharp contrast to other key economic indicators like GDP and unemployment registered positive growth at the global level (United Nations, 2013). The economic fragilityRead MoreThe Internationalisation Of Emerging Market Multinationals ( Emncs )1621 Words   |  7 Pagesretail firms and Bianchi, (2014) that of Chilean firms. While some Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) firms have also emerged as high profile multinationals and internationalising. Research on Sub-Saharan Africa emerging market firms from countries such as Nigeria, Kenya and South African, Angola and Ghana are lacking in the internationalisation business research and policy debate (Adeleye, White, Boso, 2016). These multinationals are emerging across different sectors, taking advantage of their home countryRead MoreBasic Strategies Multinational and Participation Strategies1082 Words   |  5 PagesEx: Guinness in Nigeria Guinness is now seen as a Nigerian brand How did they achieve this? Their drive has been to make customers realize that they are producing for the local market â€Å"Our market is not expatriates† They rely on local raw materials Sorghum, a common cereal in West Africa is a base for Nigerian Guinness Gives it a preferred sweet flavor Ex: Nigeria and Guinness Product innovation – Malta Guinness – non-alcoholic beer because people drink lightly Guinness Nigeria developed variousRead MoreImpact of Industrial Development on Nigeria Stock Market1457 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Industrial development on Nigeria stock market. The potentials of capital market in Nigeria as a catalyst to economic and industrial development cannot be over emphasized. The capital market as an internal part of a country’s financial system operates at the long end of the system to mobilize resources for long term development and growth. Basically, the capital market accelerates growth by providing ,relatively long term capital - debt and equity finance – for government and corporateRead MoreThe Impact of Tax Revenue on Economic Growth1418 Words   |  6 Pagesorder to raise revenue for the funding of economic activities. Nkoro and worlu, 2012 defined Tax as a fee charged or levied by a government on a product, income, or activity. If it is levied directly on personal or corporate income, it is called a direct tax. If it is levied on the price of a good or service, then it is called an indirect tax. The main reason for taxation is to finance government expenditure and to redistribute wealth which translates to fi nancing development of the country (MusgraveRead MoreEffects Of Foreign Direct Investment On Economic Growth1211 Words   |  5 PagesSchmeiser International Trade 17th October, 2015 Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Ghana Abstract It has been widely believed that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) assists developing countries with the much-needed capital for economic growth. Part of the foreign direct investment is the inflow of up to date technology and management skills. In this paper, I will investigate to what extent foreign direct investment inflows into Ghana affects the nation s Economic Growth andRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Foreign Direct Investment Essay1810 Words   |  8 PagesEvaluate the advantages and disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment with particular reference to any one low-income country of your choice. Foreign Direct investment is an increasingly important outlet for resource transfers between industrial and developing nations. According to the world bank, FDI is a form of investment occurring when a business enterprise operates, has control or obtains a substantial degree of influence on the management of an enterprise in another country (generally 10%

Introduction . The Term Communication Came From Latin Word

INTRODUCTION The term communication came from Latin word Communis which means common . It also means â€Å"to make known. Iceland Foods is a special British food retailer. It has over 880 stores throughout the UK and also some in Europe. Malcolm Walker and another bored, young retailer took a decision to open a shop in 1970. In November 1970 they raised capital of 60$ to pay the rent of the shop in Oswestry, Shropshire and named it Iceland. There were 15 stores by 1975. The company introduced a brand new cold store and head office at Deesidein 1979. By 1995, Iceland had an impressive 25 years of consistent profit growth. By the time of 2001 they expanded their product range and opened 800 stores all over the UK. How Iceland does its†¦show more content†¦They are used for specific purposes. Like ïÆ'Ëœ Mail- E-mail is primarily utilised by the employees to communicate among them. It is also the fastest written communication system. Sometimes orders also come by this. Iceland is also an online based company. People can order through the internet, and this process requires mail address. To maintain communication among stores, they use mails. It also helps them to provide fast service. ïÆ'Ëœ Letter- It is the most official way to communicate. All the official proposals are written in letters. The new contracts are also done in letters. Letters are very important documents of a company. They might have confidential information too. It is the most basic way of written communication among the higher level to lower level managers. ïÆ'Ëœ Documents- A Company has to make a lot of documents. Such as: Balance sheet, income statement, cost management, shares, names of employees etc. These documents are communication between company and employees or the owners. The strategies for good communication Good communication is one of the most common way to improve an organization. Without this a company cannot go much far. It will suffer in the longrun. Some common strategies for good communications are Figure: Good Communication Process Source: †¢ Clarity of expression: It is the most important thing for every kind of communication. It may become very hard to do work if the expressions are notShow MoreRelatedThe Human Communication System Is Important1435 Words   |  6 PagesLinguistics is a key factor of communication that is used every day, by essentially every human being. The human communication system is complex and not always easy to learn. There are multiple components, including phonetics, morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Knowledge of all of these components is what helps for humans to produce language. Linguistic competence is defined by The Free Dictionary (2008) as a speaker’s implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of theirRead MoreForeign Influences on Old English1686 Words   |  7 Pagestextbook titled Foreign Influences on Old English,† the followings are the terms that came across as interesting and necessary for the understanding of the extent of foreign influence on the old English language: †¢ Continental borrowing: This is the first period of Latin borrowing that happened through the Germanic contact with the Romans before their invasion and settlement in Britain. It is also described as the Latin influence of the Zero period (Baugh Cable, 2001). †¢ Palatal Diphthongization:Read MoreThe Origins Of The English Language1318 Words   |  6 Pagesorigins of the English language. A. The English Language begins as Old English, which was spoken from the fifth century A.D. until the eleventh century. 1. Old English is also known as Anglo- Saxon. It is named after the Germanic tribes that migrated to the British Isles during the fifth and sixth centuries. a. These Germanic tribes were known as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes who originated from parts of present-day Denmark and Germany. b. According to oxforddictionaries.com, Old English isRead MoreThe Origans of Medical Terminology Essay3156 Words   |  13 Pageshistory that evolved in great measure from the Latin and Greek languages. â€Å"It is estimated that about three-fourths of our medical terminology is of Greek origin.†(Banay) â€Å"Latin accounts for the majority of root words in the English language.† (Fallon). We find that the â€Å"oldest written sources of western medicine are The Hippocratic writings from the 5th and 4th centuries BC; which covers all aspects of medicine at that time and contain numerous medical terms.†(Wulff) This was the beginning of theRead MoreMedical Terminology Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesIn my paper I will be discussing what medical terminology is, where it came from, and how it is applied to medical assistant careers as well as how it is applied to medical administration careers. I will give examples of the importance of medical terminology and specific examples of where medical careers use medical terminology on a day to day basis. I will also give a brief summary and definition of what medical terminology stands for. After reading my paper you should have a good concept of medicalRead MoreEssay Literary Luminaries and English Vocabulary1905 Words   |  8 Pagesassimilated words and phraseology from Greek, Latin, French, Scandinavian, Hindi, Urdu and American dialects. It did not only assimilate but made everything of its own. Time to time essayists, poets, novelists, philosophers, scientists and thinkers added its treasure with words and phrases. It has discarded, replaced, and modified a large number of words. It is remarkable to note how a dialect became an international language. It has become the language of international communication and businessRead MoreIt s It Of The Problem Essay1868 Words   |  8 Pagespaper is of current importance, because it deals with the following interesting notions: why there is a language, why people speak in different languages, though the speaker can meet various words from any language in his speech. These words are called borrowings, and the present work will observe how they came into our language. When speakers of different languages interact closely, it is typical for their languages to influence each other. Languages normally develop by gradually accumulating internalRead MoreA nglo Saxon England - Scandinavian Influence3211 Words   |  13 Pages 4. Vikings in Anglo-Saxon England – Scandinavian influence The process of Christianization and Latin influx was interrupted at the end of the eight century (787) when the Vikings (Norwegian and Dane tribes) began their ravages over Anglo-Saxon England, sacking monasteries like Lindisfarne and Jarrow (793-794). By the ninth century, churches and monasteries in Northumbria and Mercia lay in ruins while settlements in all parts of the country had been plundered and northern towns, such as York inRead MoreThe Effect of Language on International Marketing3141 Words   |  13 PagesIndex * Introduction * Definition of Culture * Significance of Language * The Impact of Language on Communication Decisions * The Impact of Language on Product, Distribution and Pricing Decisions * Examples of Language Blunders Made by International Marketers * Conclusion * Recommendations * References Introduction Marketing in the simplest description attempts to understand customers in terms of what they buy, when they buy, why they buy, how much they buy, where they buy it, and withRead MoreThe Following Three Concepts Describe How the World Has Been Divided According to the Levels of Development. Discuss the Origins and Validity of These Concepts: Third World/South, North (West/First World), Development1524 Words   |  7 Pages2013 Title: the following three concepts describe how the world has been divided according to the levels of development. Discuss the origins and validity of these concepts. Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Third world/south and North(West/first world) 3. Development 4. Referencing Introduction In this assignment the three concepts will be discussed, defined according to the levels of the development. Third world will be defined and discussed together with the first world and development

To what extent does the media represent people/places by using stereotype Free Essays

Lady Gaga’s music video ‘LoveGame’ was directed by Joseph Kahn in 2009. The video starts with the heading ‘Streamline presents’ and shots of Lady Gaga naked with purple and blue paint and glitter all over her body. The lighting is dark and there are flashing lights. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent does the media represent people/places by using stereotype? or any similar topic only for you Order Now She is seen fooling around with two fully clothed men on a bench. The two men have the words ‘Fame and ‘Love’ shaved on their hair. In many music videos this is evident as women are normally perceived as sex objects and drive home the message that exposed bodies and looks are what count. The scene changes to a subway where Gaga is intimidating a group of men who are a crowded around her. She starts singing in a grey leotard with a hood and wears chain-linked glasses. She carries her trade mark ‘disco-stick’ which is mentioned a lot lyrically in the song. This scene subverts many stereotypes in the music industry. In music videos it is common to see men surrounded by lots of semi-naked women. However in this video Kahn has switched it up and has put Gaga surrounded by men, making her dominant. The next seen shows Lady Gaga making her way through the subway and dancing with three other men at the bottom of the staircase. The subway seems damaged, used and neglected, very similar to those found in cities and other urban places. It is a very realistic representation of train stations/subways as there is also pieces of rubbish lying about and ticket machines in the background/ The scene then shifts to a train where Gaga is dancing amongst male dancers, The train is also a very standard train commonly found in cities, there is nothing luxury about it which makes it very familiar to the audience. She is wearing a different colour to the dancers so she stands out. However she dancing on the same level as them which could represent equality. She soon changes her attire to a black jacket and black leotard, she is now wearing the same colour as the male dancers which show that neither one of the sexes is dominant and that they are equal however this is very short lived as she gets lifted to a higher platform which shows her as powerful and dominant. One element in Lady Gaga’s video that conforms hugely to the stereotype of pop videos/music is the amount of choreographed dancing which is commonly used in pop videos. This may have been done to remind the viewer that it is a pop music video and so it complements the upbeat vibe of the music. It may also encourage viewers to join in and dance along. Gaga and her dancers move on to an under-ground car park. She is seen dancing on a top of a car and her dancers are shown dancing on the floor. This represents status and that Gaga is yet again more dominant than the male dancers and that she is in control. By putting Lady Gaga on a higher platform than the male dancers it she is very clear that she is constantly in control and is just as able as the male dancers around her. She is then shown entering a ticket booth with a male inspector. The ticket booth scene shows Gaga and the inspector kissing, however Gaga is then shown kissing a female inspector in the booth. The inspector changes from a man to woman in each frame. This sexual reference subverts the typical ‘male and female’ stereotype. This scene shows the audience that Gaga clearly does not have a ‘preference’ when it comes to her sexuality. This could connect with an audience who are either bi-sexual or homosexual. It does not have a bias towards any certain type of sexuality and does not discriminate either. This could also create a larger fan base of people who are gay as it is showing that it is acceptable in today’s society. However it may cause controversy and would most likely be discussed in certain magazines and the news in particular countries, the reason for this is that homosexuality has not yet been embraced in every country/society, and it is only just starting to be accepted in certain communities and certain places. The final scene shows Gaga in a choreographed dance routine with her male dancers. As the artist, Gaga is placed at the forefront of the dance crew so that the audience are not side tracked from the main aim of the video which is naturally to promote Lady Gaga and this new style of music. She is dressed in a similar type of outfit as her male dancers and is pulling off the exact same dance moves. This could represent as women being as equivalent to men. The ideology of this video is to show that not all women are subservient to men. Gaga is used as an example to show that women can be sexy, provocative yet powerful. Gaga is shown in a positive light as someone new and fresh and also very unique in her sense of fashion. By the amount of choreographed dancing in this video it also implies that perhaps she wants to be viewed as more than just a singer but also an entertainer and someone who is talented in more ways than others. However this music video can have quite a few negative points to it, such as the sexual references throughout the video, visually as well as lyrically. This video could easily be portrayed as a bad influence to the younger audience. The way Gaga has been represented could go either way, many people will embrace the fact she is empowering women and on the other hand, many will criticise her for being very sexual and explicit. Now that Lady Gaga has begun to subvert stereotypes, it can give other similar artists a reason to be edgy and individual. Many critics will look to these artist and debate whether or not it is suitable way of women to act and be shown in the media behaving in an independent and unique way. This constant debate can seep into the average person’s everyday life; they may discuss certain music videos with friends, especially if they have controversial issues such as ones raised in Lady Gaga’s music videos. It can start conversations, discussions and build the relationship between the groups of people. How to cite To what extent does the media represent people/places by using stereotype?, Papers

Communism In The American Education System Essay Example For Students

Communism In The American Education System Essay -Heather McIntyreSenior Seminar17 January 2001Communism in the American Education SystemAt the height of the Cold War, a new cartoon emerged. Little blue people called Smurfs sang and skipped into the hearts of the American populace. The good, clean antics of the Smurfs were the model of American values, or were they? One should look closely at the Smurfs, their values, their cultures. Surprise! The Smurfs were not capitalistic at all. They were Communists! Communist practices and doctrine have not only infiltrated American television, but they have also become integral parts of America itself. Communism has even become a part of the American education system. How has communism been adopted into the American educational system? Some examples of this infiltration into the classroom include one of the Ten Planks of Communism, atheism, controlled learning, propaganda, school to work programs, and busing. Communism as it is known today was first proposed by Karl Marx in 1848 when he published The Manifesto of the Communist Party (Leone 13). Marx envisioned a Utopian society where everyone was equal. Such a society would combine growth with fairness by allowing the bureaucrats to make most of the decisions concerning the economy (Samuelson). As in The Smurfs, there would be no money, and everyone would contribute what they could and receive what they needed (Schmidt). There would be one manor source of income, and the entire collective would contribute to that source. At the time of Marx, communism stiff fell under the category of socialism. During the last twenty-five years of the nineteenth century, there was a split in the Socialist Party, and communism began to be recognized as a movement of its own. The original Communists were small extremist groups of revolutionaries within the European socialist movement. It was not until the Russian Revolution in 1917 that socialism and communism finally parted ways (Leone 14). By 1985, over one-third of the population of the world claimed to be Marxist, including countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America (Fienberg 2). Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized power when he led the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution and ruled the Soviet Union until his death in 1924 (Remnick). One of Lenins chief advisors was a man by the name of Trotsky. After Lenins death, a power struggle ensued between Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. When Stalin won, he immediately started executing and exiling those who opposed him. T rotsky was forced to flee the Soviet Union and was later assassinated (Leone 46). Somehow, between Marxs writings and Stalins regime, communism had chanted from a system of beliefs for those without power to a system of beliefs brutally imposed on the working class by the government (Fienberg 6). While writing his thoughts on the perfect society in 1948, Karl Marx published his famous Ten Planks of Communism. Marx stated that any country that had all ten planks in practice was a communistic state. The tenth and final plank calls for Free education for all children in government schools. Abolition of childrens factory labor in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production, etc., etc. (Courageous Lion). Stated more clearly, the tenth plank advocates free government education and a combination of schools with the marketplace. In the United States, citizens are taxed to send children to free public schools, and schools often have some program that connects the classroom to the workplace. The NEA, Outcome Based Education, and The Department of Education itself all fall under Marxs tenth plank of the Communist Manifesto (Courageous Lion). According to Marx, the perfect Communistic society is atheistic. In the USSR, religion was banished from all curricula and banned from all public roles (Fienberg). American schools are put in an interesting position. Due to the First Amendment, all children have the right to practice their varied religious customs. However, the clause that separates church from state ensures that the government does not favor one religion over another. Thus, any government-funded school cannot teach religious doctrines or institute school prayers, etc. In a letter addressed to all school principals, the United States Secretary of Education said, ?School officials may not endorse or favor religious activity or doctrine, coerce participation in religious activity, or seek to impose their religious beliefs on impressionable children (qtd. in Secretary of Education). The Secretarys statement means that while students are allowed to express their religious beliefs, teachers are not. In the same letter, th e Secretary stated, ?The right to engage in personal voluntary prayer or religious discussion free from discrimination does not include the right to have a captive audience listen, or compel other students to participate (qtd. in Secretary of Education). It was with the former guidelines in mind that Congress banned all faculty or student-led prayers at football games, graduation ceremonies, etc. Thus, although freedom of religion is guaranteed in the Constitution, the practice of expressing religion in a government funded education system is prohibited. Another facet of Soviet education is controlled learning. In the USSR, the State decided what and where each child would study. Courses in Marxism-Leninism were mandatory, and students in universities were required to pass an exam in Marxist ideology. Science and other fact-based fields mostly escaped politicization, but economics and social sciences were reshaped to conform with Marxist principles. Therefore, ideology governed how history and philosophy were to be taught. Curricula, textbooks, and instruction were related to teaching Communist values (Tift). Trying to share a broader view of history than what was officially acknowledged by the Soviet government was an ordeal. Some teachers managed to form a bond of trust with their students by smuggling forbidden information into classrooms. Others who tried this approach were reported and ended up losing their jobs or worse. Teachers had to choose between either scrapping the government approved syllabus and living at risk or follo wing orders by lying to their students (McMullen). A Visit to the Norton Museum EssayEight states received funding in the first year. New York received the largest grant of eight million dollars for the first year and more than sixty million dollars over five years. New Yorks system included skill standards, skill assessments, skill certificates, and performance-based assessments. Parents, teachers, employers, etc. were required to be involved in determining proper preparation for the workplace. Efforts supported by allocated funds were required to provide equal opportunities for all students. Today, School to Work initiatives in the United States are seen as commonplace (Glass). Another idea instituted by the Soviet Union was busing. While the Soviet Union was still young, Lenin announced that he was upset that the government was doing almost nothing for the rural districts outside official budgets or channels. At this time, relationships between town and county were showing positive effects throughout the country. Lenin wanted to methodically, systematically, and consciously improve the relationship between town and country by getting the government involved. Lenins idea was to attach urban groups to village groups in order to give everyone the same cultural experiences so that everyone would have equal opportunities in life (Basgen). Busing took a slightly different approach in the United States. An outgrowth of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas in 1954, busing was introduced in the early 1970s as a way of achieving racial balance in the schools (Craver and Ozman). In Bradley v. School Board of the City of Richmond, a 1972 Virginia Supreme Court decision, the court of appeals overturned a court-ordered consolidation of Richmond schools because the segregated schools were not a result of legal actions. Rather, the segregated conditions were caused by residential patterns. This pattern held true in many states. In cities including Boston, Cleveland, Los Angeles, and Indianapolis, courts ordered schools to bus black students from the cities to white suburban schools in order to desegregate the school systems. Compulsory busing ended in Los Angeles after state courts ruled that a 1981 referendum banning busing unless the segregation was intentional was Constitutional. In 1986, the Supreme Court declined t o review a busing issue case from Norfolk, Virginia. The court was thought to have been signaling that a city can end court-ordered busing once the schools have been integrated. In 1991, the Supreme Court ruled that court-ordered busing in Oklahoma City could end short of integration if everything practicable had been done to eliminate discrimination and segregation. Busing backfired in the sense that compulsory busing to achieve integration accelerated the flight of white families to the suburbs, thus resegregating urban schools; however, it is interesting to note that the academic performance of minority children improves when they are in classes where middle-class white pupils are the majority (Craver and Ozman). Communism is a part of every country. Marxs ideas of the perfect society were not far off. The problem is that the human race is corrupt. The Soviet Union and other Communist countries corrupted a brilliant idea with their greed. It is in no way wrong to share some good ideas with other people. However, it is wrong to not admit to these similarities. The American school system still has a long way to go before it will realize its full potential. Maybe a touch of Communism is just what this ailing country needs. After all, the Smurfs managed rather well. BibliographyWorks CitedBasgen, Brian. On Education. Pravada 33 (4 Jan 1923): 462-66. reprinted Lenin Internet Archive n.pag. Online. Internet. 26 Oct. 2000. Available WWW: http:// www.marxists.org. Courageous Lion. The Ten Planks of the Communist Manifesto Translated. Geocities Home Page Online. Internet. 27 Oct. 2000. Available WWW:http//:www. geocities.com/7006/com-man.html. Craver, Sam and Howard Ozman. n.tit. The Software Toolworks Multimedia Encyclopedia Version 1.5. CD-ROM. 1992 Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc., 2 Jan. 2001. Fienberg, Barbara S. Marx and Marxism. New York: Franklin Watts, 1985. Glass, Gene V., ed. n.tit. Education Policy Analysis Archives 31 Mar. 1999 n.pag. Online. Internet. 1 Dec. 2000. Available WWW:http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/ v711html. Leone, Bruno, ed. Communism- Opposing Viewpoints. 2nd ed. St. Paul, Minnesota: Greenhaven Press, Inc, 1986. McMullen, Matthew S. Higher Education Finance Reform in the Czech Republic: Transitions in Thought and Practice. Education Policy Analysis Archives 11 Jan 2000: n.pag. Online. Internet. 6 Dec. 2000. Available WWW: http://epaa/asu.edu/epaa/v8n6.html. Molnar, Alex. The Commercial Transformation Americas Schools. Department of Education Homepage n.pag. Online. Internet. 5 Dec. 2000. Available WWW:http//www.uwm.edu/Dept/CACE/documents/cace-00-01.htm. Noah, Harold J. Soviet Educations Unsolved Problems. Education Policy Analysis Archives 11 Jan. 2000: n.pag. Online. Internet. 7 Dec. 2000. Available WWW:http://www.hku.hk/cerc/4a.html. Remnick, David. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Time 13 Apr. 1998: 82-3+. Samuelson, Robert J. Economics Made Easy. Newsweek 27 November 1989: 64. Schmidt, Marc. Socio-Political Themes in The Smurfs. Geocities Home Page 1988: n.pag. Online. Internet. 27 Oct. 2000. Available WWW:http://www.geocities. com/Hollywood/cinema/3117/sociosmurf2.htm. The Scopes Trial. The Software Toolworks Multimedia Encyclopedia Version 1.5. CD- ROM. 1992 Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc., 3 Jan 2001. Secretary of Education . Letter. To All Principals in Public Schools. 27 Jan. 1998. Tift, Susan. Expelling the Ghosts of Marx and Lenin. Time 23 Apr. 1990: 70, 75. Political Issues

Digital Media and Perceptions of Source Credibility †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Digital Media and Perceptions of Source Credibility. Answer: Introduction: The whole matter in this following topic is going to cover the things which are oriented to identity strategies of My Licence portal. This particular website is very popular in Australia. This organisation is dealing with providing of service regarding the customer needs. It is very crucial thing for the organisation to implement some of the major strategies which can secure all the data of the customers. This particular organisation is aiming towards collecting all licences from every individual in Australia. (Murphy,et al., 2014). Due to this kind of approach towards their customers, it gets very crucial and vital for the organisation to keep the data of the customers safe and discreet. It is also important to ensure that there should not be any breach of information. In order to follow the working initiatives, the organisation also applies some major rules and formats to make this process work smoothly for the organisation. This organisation mainly tries to collect all the licence from almost every individual of Australia. For this great initiative, the organisation should implement PII strategy for making the process smooth and easy for the organisation to conduct. These particular strategies are very helpful for the organisation to maintain all area related to this particular topic. However, it is an e-commerce website, as a result of which, there are also many risks and threats available for this kind of movement (Howard Hussain, 2013). As a reason of those threats and risk as do exist in this scenario, it is very crucial for the organisation to implant effective strategies in order to counter the particular kind of serious threats and risks. As their chief aim is the collection of all the required data from various customers, the main concern in this aspect is keeping those valuable data safe and secure. As a result of this kind of prevailing scenario, the implantation of PII strategy is very helpful for the organisation for conducting the whole process . The processes related to secure the data of the consumers are included in this particular movement. In this following organisation, risk factors are very crucial thing to discuss. As a result of such kinds of risks available in this particular scenario, the organisation can secure their PII systems from those cyber threats (Mertens, Rosemann, 2015). Those organisations which do not include PII strategies are well behind compared to the other organisation in the global market. The Licence portal should implement PII strategies in their business for smoothening the process of this kind of works. On the other hand, it is very important for the organisation to secure those PII systems from various kinds of malicious attacks. For conducting the whole process, it is very important for the organisation to educate their employees properly. By giving them training in digital oriented education, it will become very helpful for the organisation regarding the conducting of the whole process. The management should maintain an ERP system, where the entire customers information should be stored securely and no one will be able to tamper with that information. The organisation should also abide by the rules and regulations as under the Australian law and in no situation this should be taken for granted. There should be a proper verification process and a separate team should be appointed for this job. The role of this team should be to verify and crosscheck the authenticity of the documents provided by the customers at the time of issuing their licence (Nacos, 2016). After discussing the whole lot thing about these particular organisations strategies, it can be easily incorporated to detect the crucial strategies taken up by the organisation for enhancing the whole process. Outlining the governance plan For conducting the whole process smoothly, it is very important to have that proper governance plan which would help with the related issues regarding securing of the data of the customer. Over the decade, this particular section is very important even for the government to ensure the effective implantation of the related aspects in their movement for running the whole process smoothly. There are many areas available for implementing the major plans. National vision and ownership over political matters are very crucial about the matter of implementation of those plans. However, this portal is dealing with the process of collection of all the various licences from the individuals. (Ye, 2014) Because of this kind of approach they need to implement a strong security system for securing the data of the consumers. It is very important and vital thing for the organisation to secure and protect their PII system from various kinds of malicious cyber attacks. Because of this kind approach ove r their policies, it is very important to look after and examine every important matter. For conducting the whole process related to this particular matter, it is necessary to form a proper team. Without a proper team it will be very difficult for the organisation to conduct those procedures as required for the efficient functioning of every sector. Dedication of every team member is much required in the process. (Flanagin Metzger, 2017). The areas, which portray the public and private partnership, are also required in the process of forming a fruitful governance plan. Though this organisation is dealing with holding and keeping the database, so defined architecture is very much required in the process of conducting the issues, especially for those related to privacy and security. ( Sandstrm,et al., 2015) In order to make the whole process very easy for the customer, it always requires a proper and good customer service. Proper customer service is always very important for conducti ng this kind of movement. For managing the technical issues, it is very important to implant a core group of professionals in making the process smooth. On the other hand, for enhancing this particular project it is important to implant small pilots before scaling up the entire process as a whole. Reference Murphy, D. G., Loeb, S., Basto, M. Y., Challacombe, B., Trinh, Q. D., Leveridge, M., ... Bultitude, M. (2014). Engaging responsibly with social media: the BJUI guidelines. BJU international, 114(1), 9-11. Mertens, W., Rosemann, M. (2015). Digital Identity 3.0: The Platform for People. Ye, L. (2014). State-led metropolitan governance in China: Making integrated city regions. Cities, 41, 200-208. Sandstrm, A., Bodin, ., Crona, B. (2015). Network Governance from the topThe case of ecosystem-based coastal and marine management. Marine Policy, 55, 57-63. Nacos, B. (2016). Mass-mediated terrorism: Mainstream and digital media in terrorism and counterterrorism. Rowman Littlefield. Howard, P. N., Hussain, M. M. (2013). Democracy's fourth wave?: digital media and the Arab Spring. Oxford University Press on Demand. Flanagin, A. J., Metzger, M. J. (2017). Digital Media and Perceptions of Source Credibility in Political Communication. The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication, 417.

Publishing and Crowdfunding with Publishizer

Publishing and Crowdfunding with Publishizer Crowdfunding is the perfect medium for today’s author raising funds for marketing and publishing expenses. But there is a hybrid alternative to straight crowdfunding. Instead of querying multiple publishers on their own, authors can raise funds on a platform like Publishizer that also matches authors with publishers based on pre-order milestones of their book. After doing much research, I chose  Publishizer  over  Kickstarter,  Indiegogo  and a number of hybrid crowdfunding/publishing sites such as  Inkshares  for one main reason: the idea of matching authors to publishers. I didn’t want to send multiple emails to publishers. I wanted them to come to me based on the merit of my proposal. All I needed to do was demonstrate proof of concept of the book Having gone through the experience growing my platform With Publishizer, you write a proposal outlining your book’s marketing plan for approval. You not only set a date to launch your campaign, but you also reach out to readers for pre-orders. The number of pre-orders lets Publishizer know that you are a serious writer and that there’s a following out there willing to buy the book. Then Publishizer queries publishers on your behalf based on number of pre-orders signed up Throughout the campaign, I worried whether I could even reach the 250 pre-order milestone needed to attract an indie/independent publisher, my ideal publishing goal. Acquiring 250 pre-orders takes endurance and stamina! To help me stay accountable, Guy Vincent, founder of Publishizer and his team set up weekly strategy calls (at no extra charge) via Skype and Zoom calls. They are big on helping you think outside the box in terms of getting supporters and talking about your book to sponsors to increase your marketability. Since I had an already established fan base, I reached out to those supporters first – most of whom supported this second crowdfunding campaign. I held contests, offered enticing rewards, did giveaways on social media, did several Facebook live videos, shared milestone updates – in short I built a lot of book buzz. At the end of the intense, three-month campaign, Sand and Steel: The Spiritual Journey Home was queried to 98 publishers thanks to 253 preorders that also included a very generous sponsor, growing my platform and fan base Out of the seventeen publishers who expressed interest, I ended up signing a contract with Mascot Books who, from the start, resonated very strongly with the themes and messages of my memoir about what it means to find a home in the United States as a returning American struggling with Reverse Culture Shock. It was a perfect match. Like publishing, the crowdfunding world is changing, and Publishizer is matching reputable publishers with authors like myself who otherwise, would not have known about these publishers.

Creative Ideas for Extracurricular Activities

Creative Ideas for Extracurricular Activities Rubiks Cube may not seem to have much to do with college admissions, but anything an applicant is passionate about can be transformed into a winning piece of a college application. This article explores how Rubiks Cube and other quirky interests can become meaningful extracurricular activities. Avoiding Burn-Out in High School A high school student wrote in the college admissions forum that he was worried about his burn-out and his lack of extracurricular activities. He also mentioned his passion for Rubiks Cube. This combination of passion and burn-out gets to the heart of a good college application strategy. Far too many students join clubs, compete in sports, and play instruments because they feel these activities are essential for getting into college, not because they actually have any passion for these extracurriculars. When you spend a lot of time doing something you dont love, you will burn out. What Can Count as an Extracurricular Activity? College applicants should think broadly about what can be defined as an extracurricular activity (see What Counts as an Extracurricular Activity?). Not everyone can be or wants to be class president, drum major, or the lead in the school play. And the truth is, unusual extracurricular activities are going to make your application stand out more than membership in Chess Club and Debate Team (mind you, Chess Club and Debate Team are both fine extracurriculars). So, getting back to the Rubiks Cube can ones love of the Cube be classified as an extracurricular? If handled correctly, yes. No college will be impressed by the applicant who spends four hours a day sitting alone in a room playing with a puzzle, but consider something like this example: if youre really into cubing and decided to make a cube club at your school, finding others who were interested and creating the club, it could look good on an application because it shows that youre taking charge and starting something that will be beneficial for others. Heres a Rubiks Cube lover who turned that passion into a school club. The applicant demonstrates leadership and organization skills by taking the initiative to transform his passion into something more than a solitary hobby. And note that leadership is key when it comes to the best extracurricular activities. An impressive extracurricular isnt defined by the activity itself, but by what the student accomplishes with the activity. The student could take this club one step further to accomplish the dual goals of getting into college and helping others how about using the club to fundraise for a charity? Create a Rubiks Cube competition; collect donations; get sponsors use the club to raise money and awareness for a worthy cause. The main point here isnt just about Rubiks Cube, but about extracurriculars. The best college applicants remain true to their interests and passions. Think broadly and creatively about extracurriculars to figure out how to transform your passions into something meaningful that will be a pleasure for you, a benefit to others, and an impressive part on your college application.

LIberals and Conservatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LIberals and Conservatives - Essay Example They ask the government to treat all individuals on an equal basis, protecting civil liberties and human rights. For example, they ask the government for taxpayer-funded programs that support mothers who want abortions. They support long-term welfare that government provides to the needy. Conservatives, in contrast, do not accept change to traditional way of living. However, there is a contradiction in their beliefs. For example, they are against government programs that support abortions, because they want to save the unborn lives (Courtwright 5); yet, they are also against government programs that provide prenatal care to single mothers. They are against government funding for the needy, but they support government support for victims of flood and earthquakes. Such illogical beliefs held by conservatives are unacceptable for liberals. In short, liberals and conservatives hold opposite views and beliefs. Liberals are open-minded, and promote human rights, like abortion and government support for the needy; while, conservatives are narrow-minded, and hold contradictory views which liberals consider as corrupt and

Public Relations Society of America's ethical standards Research Paper

Public Relations Society of America's ethical standards - Research Paper Example Therefore, members of PRSA focus on serving the public, thereby taking obligations that involve operating ethically. In this case, this paper focuses on presenting brief history of PRSA’s ethical standards, their functions and effects on public relation professionals and profession. Moreover, this paper seeks to determine ways through which PRSA has strengthened and weakened certain professionals and agencies. Reputation acquired through affiliation to PRSA is valuable to members; in fact, it is highly dependent upon their ethical conduct (PRSA, Member, 1). In addition, these members focus on setting examples among themselves and other professionals by achieving excellent standards of performance, professionalism and ethical behaviors. Nevertheless, there are situations when emphasis to enforce Public Relation Society of America’s ethical standards has been ignored. In this case, this has led to decision by PRSA board of Directors to expel or bar some parties in the soc iety from joining PRSA membership (PRSA, Member, 1). For instance, individuals who have been involved in sanctions from government agencies or convictions in courts due to issues concerning violating code of ethics become liable to expulsion from PRSA membership. Therefore, PRSA overview indicates that it focuses on prime obligation, which involves promotion of ethical practices among professions, organizations and professionals. History of Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) Public Relations Society of America commenced in 1950, whereby it was established through a desire to form student counterpart (Garcia, 3). After some time, this interest was diminished, though there were few professionals, who made efforts to rekindle PRSA. Besides, members of PRSA lost their interest on PRSA leading to a notion that discredited PRSA, through claims that it could not be taught. Nonetheless, the chairperson of PRSA’s Education Committee, who was called Howard Penn Hudson, decided to change people’s perception towards PRSA, in 1965 (Garcia, 3). In this case, he made effort to reestablishing initial affiliation with students through clubs, societies and fraternities. The process to rekindle PRSA began by invitation of six schools in 1965 by Ovid Davis, who was the president of PRSA (Garcia, 4). In fact, this invitation was aimed at gathering members together for that year’s National Conference in Denver. In 1967, the president of Division of the educators’ organization, Professor James Young decided to call Association for Education in Journalism (AEJ), thereby establishing his arguments that there was need for PRSA in processes of developing students with professional orientation (Garcia, 4). In fact, this effort was supported by groups of independent student, who did not have guidance to meet PRSA objectives. On the other hand, there where groups, which had a significant interest on the future of PRSA, and this led to establishment of Lo ng Range Planning Committee of PRSA in 1967 (Garcia, 4). Moreover, during the following year, there was an establishment of PRSA chapters in nine schools, which offered courses in public relations, and this has led to developments such as establishment of PRSA’s ethical standards in the present days. Functions of PRSA Ethical Standards One of the significant functions of PRSA’s ethical standards is to apply public relations in order to pivot ethics among its practitioners or members. In future of professionals, who

Network Opimisation Problems And Forecasting

Network Opimisation Problems And Forecasting The Makonsel Company, a fully integrated company that both produces and sells goods at its retail outlets. After production, the goods are stored in companys two warehouses until needed by the retail outlets. Trucks are used to transport the goods from the two plants to the warehouses, and then from the warehouses to the three retail outlets. Using units of full truckloads, the following table shows each plants monthly output, its shipping cost per truckload sent to each warehouse, and the maximum amount that it can ship per month to each warehouse. Unit Shipping Cost For each retail outlet (RO), the next table shows its monthly demand, its shipping cost per truckload from each warehouse, and the maximum amount that can be shipped per month from each warehouse. Unit Shipping Cost The Managements objective is to determine the shipping plan (number of truckloads shipped per month from each plant to each warehouse and from each warehouse to each retail outlet) that will minimise the total shipping cost. In order to achieve the objective, the following issues will be discussed : The distribution network of Makonsel Company, algebraic formulation for the network model, spreadsheet formulation for this problem by using the solver of excel and interpretation and recommendation of the result. The distribution network A network model for the Makonsel Company problem as a minimum-cost flow problem According to the data from the table above we put it into a distribution network. The supply nodes in this network are P1 (plant1) and P2 (plant2), the transshipment nodes are W1 (warehouse1) and W2 (warehouse2) and the demand nodes in this network are RO1, RO2 and RO3. And the shipping cost and the shipping capacity differ considerably among these shipping lanes. The cost per unit shipped and the maximum amount that it can ship per month (given in square brackets of the arc) through each lane is shown above corresponding arrow in the above Figure. Algebraic Formulation Solution: Decision variables Makonsel must determine how much to ship per month from each plant to each warehouse and from each warehouse to each retail outlet. Let Xij = Number of truckloads to ship from i to j (i = P1, P2; j = W1, W2). Let Xjk =Number of truckloads to ship from j to k (j =W1, W2 k=RO1, RO2, RO3). Then Makonsels problem may be formulated as Objective: Subject to: The first five constraints ensure that each retail outlet is meet their monthly demand, and the 2 Sources constraints are ensure that each plants monthly output and the last 10 ensure the maximum amount that can be shipped per month. Spreadsheet Formulation After we finished the algebraic formulation, we can transform them to spreadsheet, and using the solver of Excel to work out the distribution problem. The spreadsheet formulations are all showed in the graph below. A spreadsheet model for the Makonsel Company minimum-cost flow problem, where the changing cells (C4:C13) show the optimal solution obtained by the Solver and the target cell (E15) gives the resulting total cost of the flow through the network. Interpretation and Recommendation The optimal solution for the Makonsel Company problem, where the shipping amounts are shown in parentheses over the arrows By using excel we can calculate the minimum total shipping cost of Makonsel Company is  ¿Ã‚ ¡488.125. In order to make the minimum total monthly shipping cost of  ¿Ã‚ ¡488.125, the Makonsel Company should first transport 125 truckloads per month from plant 1to warehouse 1 and 75 units to warehouse 2. And ship 175 truckloads per month from plant 2 to warehouse 1, ship 125 truckloads per month to warehouse2. After that the retail outlet1, retail outlet 2 and retail outlet 3 should get 100 truckloads, 50 truckloads and 100 truckloads from warehouse 1 respectively. And should separately transport 50 truckloads, 150 truckloads and 50 truckloads from warehouse 2 to retail outlet1, retail outlet 2 and retail outlet 3. As we have known the shipping cost per truckload from each plant and each warehouse from the table. Thus the Minimum Cost= 425*125+560*75+510*125+600*175+470*100+505*50 +490*100+390*50+410*150+440*50 =488,125 Conclusion Determined the shipping plan which can minimise the total shipping cost is the management objective of Makonsel Company. By building the distribution network , formulating the constraints and calculating the result through using the solver of excel , Makonsel Company successfully solve the distribution network problem and construct the shipping plan with the minimum total shipping cost of  ¿Ã‚ ¡488.125. Forecasting Introduction The time-series below relates to the Sales of a company (00s) for the last five years. The objective is to use the information contained in the time-series data above to construct a forecast of the next four quarters sales. In order to achieve the objective, the following issues will be discussed: Analysis this time-series, Detrend a Time-Series and construct the Seasonal Indices by MINITAB, Forecasting the next four quarters sales and use measures to identify the forecast accuracy, Reservations about the appropriateness of the forecasting procedure used. Time-series Analysis Main characteristics of this time-series The first step in any forecasting exercise is to plot a graph of the time-series. We transfer the data from the table to Minitab and use the time series plot-simple of Minitab to make the graph, since the time-series was recorded in quarter, so we choose the quarter of calendar in time scale. The plot of this time-series looks like: Form the graph above We can roughly find out that there is a decreasing trend over time, a clear quarterly seasonal effect and it is a table time series, the pattern is regular with little random noise. With the purpose of confirming the characteristics of the time-series, we use the cantered moving averages (CMA). Since the CMA is the average and smoothed data of the actual figures, which is much easier for us to determine the characteristics of the time-series, we use this plot instead. As the time-series was recorded in quarters and with quarterly seasonal effect so the length of moving average is 4, and chose the moving averages, plot the graph smoothed vs. actual. Negative Trend Structure, an decreasing trend over time It is a negative trend structure. Look at the smoothed line of this time-series, as at the beginning of the time-series the sales of this company is about 485 ,however , it keeps decreasing and from about 485 down to around 478 to roughly 471 and finally it decrease to around 405. A clear seasonal structure , additive seasonal structure It can be seen from the graph above that there is a clear quarterly seasonal structure, for each quarter 1 the actual observed value is about 13 units below the trend value. For quarters 2, 3 4 estimating from the graph the actual observed values are 30 above, 22 above and 23 below the estimated trend values. Seasonal Structures: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 -13 30 22 -23 These are estimates of the seasonal indices; and also in this case, for a given variable the quarter 1 is 13 units below trend, quarter 2, 3 are 30 units and 22 units above trend, quarter 4 is 23 units below trend. And it can be seen from the graph above, seasonal deviation is constant about the trend so this seasonal structure is additive. A table time series, the pattern is regular with little random noise The graph of Moving average plot for sales above shows us that the pattern is regular with little random noise, it decreasing stability of the seasonal pattern, and also from the smoothed line we can find that the series reduce stability, from about 485 down to around 478 to roughly 471, ect. No more than 10units lower. Model the time-series QUADRATIC TREND MODELS There are two trend models ,one is linear trend model (Trend = a + b*t ) and the other is Quadratic trend model (Trend = a + b*t + ct2 ), and as we have been calculated the Cantered Moving Average (CMA)above, which is the average and smoothed line of the actual sales, so by using the CMA, we can use value of these two models to compare with the value of CMA, and then choose the model which the value is much closer to the CMA as our forecasting model. There are three commonly used measures of forecast accuracy: Mean Square Deviation (MSD), Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). And the smaller the data is, the more accurate of the forecast. And it can be seen from the graph above that the Quadratic Trend Model, MAPE=0.43297, MAD=1.91172, MSD = 5.44313, and to the Linear Trend Model, MAPE=0.51281, MAD=2.21232, MSD = 7.74838. The data of the Quadratic Trend Model are all smaller than the Linear Trend Model, which means that the value of quadratic trend model is much closer than value of the CMA; the quadratic trend model is much more accurate than the linear trend model, so choose the quadratic trend model to forecast. Detrend a Time-Series and construct SI of MINITAB Detrend a Time-Series Detrend a Time-Series, which means Sales-Trend (DIV), the gap between the actual sales and the forecast sales. After we have decided to take the quadratic model to forecast, we can record the data as the trend data, and the plot the graph above to compare with the sales and trend. And use the actual sales data minus the forecast one we can Detrend a Time-Series. As the graph shows us above the DIV1=472-500.367=-28.3673, DIV2=516-493.333=22.6674, DIV3=507-486.459=20.5414, DIV4=462-479.745=-17.7454, etc. By using the Minitab, we can use the calculator to figure the result. Construct the Seasonal Indices by MINITAB As Seasonal Indices is the quarter average of DIV, after we have calculated the DIV, we can use MINITAB to construct the seasonal indices. And in the MINITAB, we use the decomposition to figure out the SI. As we have described before that the sales trend of this company is additive and seasonal and the data were recorded in quarter, so the seasonal indices is four quarters as a unit, the seasonal length is 4 and the model type is additive. And Seasonal Indices is the average of each quarter of DIV, so the seasonal indices can be calculated as below: Quarter1=SI1= (DIV1+DIV5+DIV9+DIV13+DIV17)/5= -24.0937 Quarter2=SI2= (DIV2+DIV6+DIV10+DIV14+DIV18)/5=20.4062 Quarter3=SI3= (DIV3+DIV7+DIV11+DIV15+DIV19)/5=17.2812 Quarter4=SI4= (DIV4+DIV8+DIV12+DIV16+DIV20)/5=-13.5937 Since seasonal indices is the average of each quarter of DIV so SI is quarterly cycle, the value of SI5 will equal to the value of SI1, SI6=SI2, etc. And also it can be seen from graph above that the SI is quarterly cycle. Forecasting and measures of forecast accuracy Future Forecast As the Future Forecast equal Future Trend plus Future Seasonal Indices, so first we should use the CMA to calculate the future trend of the next four quarters. Since the CMA is the average and the smoothed data of the actual data, using the data of CMA can let forecast more accuracy. And the time-series is seasonal structure of quarter, so the number of forecast is 4. And we use trend analysis to calculate the future trend. After we figure out the future trend, copy the first four Seasonal Indices (SI is quarterly cycle) which we have calculated before (-24.0937, 20.4062, 17.2812, -13.5937), as Future Seasonal Indices. And then use the FTrend and FSI to figure out the Future Forecast value (FFC=FTrend+FSI). After figure out the FFC, copy them after the FC to plot a forecast. The plot of time series of sales and forecast looks like: So the next four quarters; Q1, Q2, Q3 Q4 of 2009 are: Q1=366.116, Q2=406.796, Q3=400.011, Q4=365.637 Measures of forecast accuracy After we calculate the forecasts for the next four quarters, we need to know whether the forecast is accurate or not, so we use the three commonly used measures of forecast accuracy: MSD, MPE and MAD to check the forecasts. i. Mean Square Deviation: MSD = S (Xt Ft)2/n ii. Mean Absolute Deviation: MAD = S |Xt Ft| /n iii. Mean Percentage Error: MPE = S |(Xt Ft)/Xt| /n Since all of measures above need the value of Xt Ft (error), so we should calculate the error first. Error = Sales-FC, in the Minitab we use calculator to figure it out. After calculated the error, we can figure out the value of accuracy. MSD = S (Xt Ft)2/n MAD = S |Xt Ft| /n MPE = S |(Xt Ft)/Xt| /n And for this forecast the MSD=29.3526, MAD=4.69560, MPE=1.08963. As we all know for each forecast indicator, the lower value, the higher prediction accuracy. And usually we use the MPE to confirm the accuracy. Lets look at the MPE, the value of MPE is equal to 1.08963%, though the value of MPE is slightly higher than 1%, it close to 1%, the forecast is still accuracy. Reservation In this forecasting procedure we faced two choices, one is determined the seasonal structure of the time-series, determining whether the seasonal structure is additive or multiplicative. And the other one is to confirm the trend model, choosing the linear model or the quadratic model. The choice we make will affect the accuracy of forecasting. Additive or Multiplicative In this forecasting, we analysis the time-series as additive seasonal structure by using method below ¼Ã… ¡ Seasonal Structures: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 -13 30 22 -23 In this case ¼Ã…’for a given variable the quarter 1 is 13 units below trend, quarter 2 is 30 units above trend, etc. This is an Additive Seasonal Index. Alternatively we could have expressed the index as follows: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 -13% 30% 22% -23% Here the quarter 1 data is 13% below the trend value, or more conventionally 87% of trend, similarly for the other quarters. It is conventional to express this Seasonal Index as: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 87% 130% 122% 77% This is called a Multiplicative Seasonal Index and if the seasonal deviation is proportional to the trend then the seasonal structure is multiplicative. In this case we preferred the additive seasonal structure as the time-series constant about the trend, but in fact it could proportional to the trend and become the multiplicative seasonal structure in the future, so we should make appropriate adjustments base on the future data. Linear or Quadratic model In this case, we modeled the time-series as quadratic model due to the data the company provided closer to the quadratic model now, however, with the future data the model may be transformed into the linear model. Conclusion The objective of the company is to use time-series data to construct a forecast of the next four quarters sales. So as to do the forecast first we analysed the time-series to determine main characteristics of this time-series and modeled it, then found out the difference between the sales and trend to construct the seasonal indices, after that did the forecasting and to identify whether the forecast accurate or not by using the MAD, MSD and MPE. And the next four quarters sales of this company are Q1=366.116, Q2=406.796, Q3=400.011, Q4=365.637. However, during the forecasting procedure we should also consider about the choice we have made whether to choose additive or multiplicative, the linear model or the quadratic model will affect the accuracy of forecasting.