Models of Memory - 2270 Words

Outline and Evaluate Models of Memory. (12 Marks) There are roughly four models of memory in total, but two stand out and are used in this particular specification. Atkinson and Schifrin’s (1968) â€Å"Multi-Store Model† is one of them. Their model suggests that the memory consists of three stores, a sensory store, a short-term store and a long-term store; all three have a specific and relatively inflexible function. It stressed that information for our environment such as the visual or auditory and haptic (by touch) initially goes into the sensory memory or empirical register. However, it has very limited capacity, and its duration is very brief, so if we do not notice this much we would forget it, but if we pay attention to it or think†¦show more content†¦If we then decide to remember the information, it would then go back to the short-term memory where it would be rehearsed. In the Long-term memory, information is encoded as declarative semantic or episodic according to Tulvig. It is also encoded as semantic memory as stated by Baddeley. The only problem with this is that the test lacks ecological validity as it was carried out in a laboratory, and that the study could be criticized in terms of demand characteristics where the people involved could have already known what results they were aiming for, in which case the results would be biased. There was also experimenter bias, as the person involved already knew what he was aiming for and didn’t allow for natural course of events. Also the group was not a representative of all the undergraduates tested. On a Positive note, the study has good reliability as the group was partially quite big. This study has been supported by several theories and psychologists as well as statements. The primacy effect supports this study, as it stresses that through research those who had to recall a list of items, recalled the first ones and last ones better than those through the middle as earlier items were rehearsed better and transferred to the Lon-term memory whilst later ones were in the short-term memory. As it also suggests, rehearsal was prevented by an interference task, meaning that theShow MoreRelatedThe Multi Store Model And The Working Memory Model1278 Words   |  6 PagesMemory is our ability to encode, store,retain and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain (Luke Mastin,2010). In this review I am going to focus on the multi store model and the working memory model, which explain in detail how memory works. The multi-store model (MSM) of memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), explains that the memory is made up of three different stores.These are: sensory memory (SM), short term memory(STM) and long term memory(LTM). This modelRead MoreEssay about Mulit-Store Model of Memory vs. Working Memory Model1101 Words   |  5 Pagescontrast the multi-store model of memory with the working memory model. This essay will firstly briefly describe the theories and important facts about the original multi-store model of memory (MSM) and the working memory model (WMM). This essay will then evaluate the key studies within these two models and explain the strengths and weaknesses of the main theories. The final part of this essay will be to examine the similarities and differences between the two models. The first issue that needsRead MoreWorking Memory Model Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesthe multi-store model for being a very simplistic view of memory. They saw short term memory as a store that had many individual sections inside it. This was supported by patient KF who had epilepsy, the doctor wanted to try and remedy this by removing his hippocampus. This surgery was done, however instead of fixing his epilepsy, it damaged his short term memory, yet he still had his long term memory intact. In the multi-store model it states that in order to have long term memory, one needs to haveRead MoreThe Multistore Model of Memory Essay558 Words   |  3 PagesMultistore Model of Memory The multistore model is a representation of memory based on having more than one different kind of store for remembered information. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed this model based on evidence related to the separate stores of memory (e.g. serial position: primacy recency, forgetting etc.). It suggests that memory comprises of three separate stores, the sensory memory store, the short-term memory and the long-term memory, eachRead MoreOutline and Evaluate the Working Memory Model1210 Words   |  5 Pagespicture of short-term memory (STM) provided by the Multi-Store Model was far too simple. Following the Multi-Store Model, it is believed that STM holds limited amounts of information for short periods of time with relatively little processing, it is believed to be a unitary store. This means that due to its single store it has no subsystems, unlike the Working Memory Model which has many subsystems. This proves that the Working Memory is not a unitary store. Working Memory is STM. In contrast toRead MoreThe Atkinson And Shiffrin Modal Model Of Memory2042 Words   |  9 PagesMemory is a very crucial topic not everyone understands. We might hear an individual saying â€Å"He has a great memory,† or others mentioning they have a â€Å"bad memory† whenever they have forgotten an important subject. People use the term memory frequently but often not knowing its true meaning. According to Baddeley (1999), memory is not an actual organ as the heart, the kidneys, or the liver; instead, it consists of a network in which many systems work together, allowing us to be capable of rememberingRead MoreEssay on Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Memory Model1140 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model fai led to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by AtkinsonRead MoreThe Multi Store Model Of Memory And Research Into Eyewitness Testimony1065 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss how memory can be explained with reference to models of memory and research into Eyewitness Testimony. Introduction The investigation into memory - how we encode, store and retrieve data - made great advances in the 20th century. Along with biological influences memories define who we are, without them our individuality would be lost. This essay will scrutinize the multi-store model of memory and working model of memory to determine their legitimacy. Each model will be examined on its meritsRead MoreThe Working Memory Model Was Proposed By Baddeley And Hitch2547 Words   |  11 PagesWorking Memory The working memory model was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. They replaced the concept of short- term memory, which was proposed in 1986 by Atkinson- Shiffrin model because they believed the model-lacked detail. Every day we have occasions where we keep particular pieces of important information briefly in our mind, storing them until an opportunity arises. For example remembering a phone number while you are hearing it and dialling it or holding directions in your mind untilRead MoreThe Working Memory Model Proposed by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch1630 Words   |  7 Pages That our memory isn’t veridical is not a novel idea. This means that we don’t perfectly remember everything that we have seen or experienced in the past. Broadly speaking, there are two fundamental memory errors that occur in everyday life. One is forgetting events that have occurred, and the other is remembering something that did not transpire (or misremembering them in the way that they occurred). The first error, forgetting, is very common, and needs no explanation. We can all think of instances

A Research Study On Prostate Cancer - 1602 Words

Tolypocladium sp. was incubated with cobalt (II) chloride, cobalt (II) nitrate, cobalt thiocyanate, erbium chloride, or palladium (III) acetate to produce secondary metabolites that may serve as therapeutic agents for various diseases. Cultures were incubated with its respective metal compound for three weeks at room temperature, followed by compound extraction using ethyl acetate. All samples were subject to LC-MS for analysis. Maximiscin was the predominant compound produced by Tolypocladium sp. when incubated with cobalt (II) chloride, cobalt (II) nitrate, and erbium chloride. Compound production was significantly reduced with the addition of palladium (III) acetate and all compound production was suppressed with the incubation of†¦show more content†¦Radiation and chemotherapy may only partially penetrate a tumor; remaining malignant tissue will allow the cancer to reoccur within the patient. Incomplete tumor removal is a risk associated with surgical removal of cancerou s tissue.3 Additionally, studies have shown that radiation promotes cancerous cell growth. Radiation promotes a cellular process known as autophagy, which supports metabolic functions while a cell is living with some sort of environmental stress. Typically, the cell will degrade longstanding organelles and proteins to recycle the molecular units of macromolecules. This becomes an alternate source of nutrients during cell survival. Within a premalignant cell, autophagy will prevent a cell from replicating if it is cancerous. Once the cell has become malignant, it is living under environmentally stress induced by hypoxia and nutrient depletion. Malignant cells are dependent of autophagy for survival, and radiation promotes autophagy; this, radiation promotes cancer.4 Current cancer treatments have high risks of harsh side effects and a high probability of reoccurring cancer. There is an urgent need for new anticancer therapies; compounds derived from the natural products of bacteria a nd fungi have been investigated as a possible solution. The natural product industry gained popularity around1970-1980 and the primary focus is to determine the structure of small molecule produced

Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria - 751 Words

Reference: Agarwal, J.P. (1980) Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: A Survey, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 116, pp. 739-773 Akinlo, A.E. 2004. Foreign direct investment and growth in Nigeria: An empirical investigation. Journal of Policy Modelling, 26: 627-39. Aliber, Robert Z. The Multinational Enterprise in a Multiple Currency World. In The Multinational Enterprise, ed. John H. Dunning. London: Allen Unwin, 1971. Aluko, S.A. (1961). Financing economic development in Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 3(1): 39-67. Bengos, M. and B. Sanchez-Robles. (2003). Foreign direct investment, economic freedom and growth: New evidence from Latin America. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3):†¦show more content†¦Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, March 1991. Loots, E. (000) Foreign direct investment flows to African countries: Trends, determinants and future prospects. Paper presented at the African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific 22nd Annual and International Conference, Perth, April, 2000. McDougall, Gilles (1995). The Economic Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on Corporations. Industry Canada Working Paper, Number 4, February. Ottawa: Industry Canada. Meier G. M. (1984) leading issues in economic Development. Oxford University Press, 4th edition. Odozi, V.A. 1995. An Overview of Foreign Investment in Nigeria 1960-1995. Occasional Paper No. 11. Research Department, Central Bank of Nigeria. Otepola, Ayorinde. 2002. FDI as a Factor of Economic Growth in Nigeria. Dakar, Senegal: African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (IDEP), May. Available on line rom idep@unidep.org, http//unidep.org. Nigerian Economic Society (1988) Rekindling Investment for economic Development in Nigeria. Selected papers for the annual conference. Solow, R. 1956. A Contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70: 65-94. UNCTAD. (2000). Capital Flows and Growth in Africa. New York: United Nations. Vernon, Raymond. (971)Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger,. Zhang, K.H. 2001. Does foreign direct investment promote economicShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Nigeria Economic Growth9932 Words   |  40 PagesCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Industrialization has not only changed the way the world do business but also changed the world itself. Fortunately, Nigeria is one of the countries that did not escape its impact. Industrialization is the process of social and economic change that transforms a human group from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related withRead MoreThe Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Nigeria Economic Growth9940 Words   |  40 PagesCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Industrialization has not only changed the way the world do business but also changed the world itself. Fortunately, Nigeria is one of the countries that did not escape its impact. Industrialization is the process of social and economic change that transforms a human group from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related withRead MoreAN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE MINING SECTOR IN NIGERIA15805 Words   |  64 Pagesï » ¿ABSTRACT This study attempted to estimate the environmental impact of Foreign Direct Investment in the mining sector in Nigeria. It is argued that only those countries that have reached a certain income level can absorb new technologies and benefit from technology diffusion, and thus reap the extra advantages that FDI can offer. The mining industry in Nigeria is dominated by oil. Indeed, Nigeria is the largest producer of this commodity in Africa and sixth largest producers in the world. This researchRead MoreThe Euro-zone Crisis Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagespast decade the world has witnessed a collapse of the world financial system, the Euro-zone crisis, an imploding Middle East, conflicts in Ukraine and natural disasters that have rocked global stock markets and investor confidence. Global Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) fell by 18 per cent to $1.3 trillion in 2012. This decline was in sharp contrast to other key economic indicators like GDP and unemployment registered positive growth at the global level (United Nations, 2013). The economic fragilityRead MoreThe Internationalisation Of Emerging Market Multinationals ( Emncs )1621 Words   |  7 Pagesretail firms and Bianchi, (2014) that of Chilean firms. While some Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) firms have also emerged as high profile multinationals and internationalising. Research on Sub-Saharan Africa emerging market firms from countries such as Nigeria, Kenya and South African, Angola and Ghana are lacking in the internationalisation business research and policy debate (Adeleye, White, Boso, 2016). These multinationals are emerging across different sectors, taking advantage of their home countryRead MoreBasic Strategies Multinational and Participation Strategies1082 Words   |  5 PagesEx: Guinness in Nigeria Guinness is now seen as a Nigerian brand How did they achieve this? Their drive has been to make customers realize that they are producing for the local market â€Å"Our market is not expatriates† They rely on local raw materials Sorghum, a common cereal in West Africa is a base for Nigerian Guinness Gives it a preferred sweet flavor Ex: Nigeria and Guinness Product innovation – Malta Guinness – non-alcoholic beer because people drink lightly Guinness Nigeria developed variousRead MoreImpact of Industrial Development on Nigeria Stock Market1457 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Industrial development on Nigeria stock market. The potentials of capital market in Nigeria as a catalyst to economic and industrial development cannot be over emphasized. The capital market as an internal part of a country’s financial system operates at the long end of the system to mobilize resources for long term development and growth. Basically, the capital market accelerates growth by providing ,relatively long term capital - debt and equity finance – for government and corporateRead MoreThe Impact of Tax Revenue on Economic Growth1418 Words   |  6 Pagesorder to raise revenue for the funding of economic activities. Nkoro and worlu, 2012 defined Tax as a fee charged or levied by a government on a product, income, or activity. If it is levied directly on personal or corporate income, it is called a direct tax. If it is levied on the price of a good or service, then it is called an indirect tax. The main reason for taxation is to finance government expenditure and to redistribute wealth which translates to fi nancing development of the country (MusgraveRead MoreEffects Of Foreign Direct Investment On Economic Growth1211 Words   |  5 PagesSchmeiser International Trade 17th October, 2015 Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Ghana Abstract It has been widely believed that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) assists developing countries with the much-needed capital for economic growth. Part of the foreign direct investment is the inflow of up to date technology and management skills. In this paper, I will investigate to what extent foreign direct investment inflows into Ghana affects the nation s Economic Growth andRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Foreign Direct Investment Essay1810 Words   |  8 PagesEvaluate the advantages and disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment with particular reference to any one low-income country of your choice. Foreign Direct investment is an increasingly important outlet for resource transfers between industrial and developing nations. According to the world bank, FDI is a form of investment occurring when a business enterprise operates, has control or obtains a substantial degree of influence on the management of an enterprise in another country (generally 10%

Introduction . The Term Communication Came From Latin Word

INTRODUCTION The term communication came from Latin word Communis which means common . It also means â€Å"to make known. Iceland Foods is a special British food retailer. It has over 880 stores throughout the UK and also some in Europe. Malcolm Walker and another bored, young retailer took a decision to open a shop in 1970. In November 1970 they raised capital of 60$ to pay the rent of the shop in Oswestry, Shropshire and named it Iceland. There were 15 stores by 1975. The company introduced a brand new cold store and head office at Deesidein 1979. By 1995, Iceland had an impressive 25 years of consistent profit growth. By the time of 2001 they expanded their product range and opened 800 stores all over the UK. How Iceland does its†¦show more content†¦They are used for specific purposes. Like ïÆ'Ëœ Mail- E-mail is primarily utilised by the employees to communicate among them. It is also the fastest written communication system. Sometimes orders also come by this. Iceland is also an online based company. People can order through the internet, and this process requires mail address. To maintain communication among stores, they use mails. It also helps them to provide fast service. ïÆ'Ëœ Letter- It is the most official way to communicate. All the official proposals are written in letters. The new contracts are also done in letters. Letters are very important documents of a company. They might have confidential information too. It is the most basic way of written communication among the higher level to lower level managers. ïÆ'Ëœ Documents- A Company has to make a lot of documents. Such as: Balance sheet, income statement, cost management, shares, names of employees etc. These documents are communication between company and employees or the owners. The strategies for good communication Good communication is one of the most common way to improve an organization. Without this a company cannot go much far. It will suffer in the longrun. Some common strategies for good communications are Figure: Good Communication Process Source: †¢ Clarity of expression: It is the most important thing for every kind of communication. It may become very hard to do work if the expressions are notShow MoreRelatedThe Human Communication System Is Important1435 Words   |  6 PagesLinguistics is a key factor of communication that is used every day, by essentially every human being. The human communication system is complex and not always easy to learn. There are multiple components, including phonetics, morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Knowledge of all of these components is what helps for humans to produce language. Linguistic competence is defined by The Free Dictionary (2008) as a speaker’s implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of theirRead MoreForeign Influences on Old English1686 Words   |  7 Pagestextbook titled Foreign Influences on Old English,† the followings are the terms that came across as interesting and necessary for the understanding of the extent of foreign influence on the old English language: †¢ Continental borrowing: This is the first period of Latin borrowing that happened through the Germanic contact with the Romans before their invasion and settlement in Britain. It is also described as the Latin influence of the Zero period (Baugh Cable, 2001). †¢ Palatal Diphthongization:Read MoreThe Origins Of The English Language1318 Words   |  6 Pagesorigins of the English language. A. The English Language begins as Old English, which was spoken from the fifth century A.D. until the eleventh century. 1. Old English is also known as Anglo- Saxon. It is named after the Germanic tribes that migrated to the British Isles during the fifth and sixth centuries. a. These Germanic tribes were known as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes who originated from parts of present-day Denmark and Germany. b. According to oxforddictionaries.com, Old English isRead MoreThe Origans of Medical Terminology Essay3156 Words   |  13 Pageshistory that evolved in great measure from the Latin and Greek languages. â€Å"It is estimated that about three-fourths of our medical terminology is of Greek origin.†(Banay) â€Å"Latin accounts for the majority of root words in the English language.† (Fallon). We find that the â€Å"oldest written sources of western medicine are The Hippocratic writings from the 5th and 4th centuries BC; which covers all aspects of medicine at that time and contain numerous medical terms.†(Wulff) This was the beginning of theRead MoreMedical Terminology Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesIn my paper I will be discussing what medical terminology is, where it came from, and how it is applied to medical assistant careers as well as how it is applied to medical administration careers. I will give examples of the importance of medical terminology and specific examples of where medical careers use medical terminology on a day to day basis. I will also give a brief summary and definition of what medical terminology stands for. After reading my paper you should have a good concept of medicalRead MoreEssay Literary Luminaries and English Vocabulary1905 Words   |  8 Pagesassimilated words and phraseology from Greek, Latin, French, Scandinavian, Hindi, Urdu and American dialects. It did not only assimilate but made everything of its own. Time to time essayists, poets, novelists, philosophers, scientists and thinkers added its treasure with words and phrases. It has discarded, replaced, and modified a large number of words. It is remarkable to note how a dialect became an international language. It has become the language of international communication and businessRead MoreIt s It Of The Problem Essay1868 Words   |  8 Pagespaper is of current importance, because it deals with the following interesting notions: why there is a language, why people speak in different languages, though the speaker can meet various words from any language in his speech. These words are called borrowings, and the present work will observe how they came into our language. When speakers of different languages interact closely, it is typical for their languages to influence each other. Languages normally develop by gradually accumulating internalRead MoreA nglo Saxon England - Scandinavian Influence3211 Words   |  13 Pages 4. Vikings in Anglo-Saxon England – Scandinavian influence The process of Christianization and Latin influx was interrupted at the end of the eight century (787) when the Vikings (Norwegian and Dane tribes) began their ravages over Anglo-Saxon England, sacking monasteries like Lindisfarne and Jarrow (793-794). By the ninth century, churches and monasteries in Northumbria and Mercia lay in ruins while settlements in all parts of the country had been plundered and northern towns, such as York inRead MoreThe Effect of Language on International Marketing3141 Words   |  13 PagesIndex * Introduction * Definition of Culture * Significance of Language * The Impact of Language on Communication Decisions * The Impact of Language on Product, Distribution and Pricing Decisions * Examples of Language Blunders Made by International Marketers * Conclusion * Recommendations * References Introduction Marketing in the simplest description attempts to understand customers in terms of what they buy, when they buy, why they buy, how much they buy, where they buy it, and withRead MoreThe Following Three Concepts Describe How the World Has Been Divided According to the Levels of Development. Discuss the Origins and Validity of These Concepts: Third World/South, North (West/First World), Development1524 Words   |  7 Pages2013 Title: the following three concepts describe how the world has been divided according to the levels of development. Discuss the origins and validity of these concepts. Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Third world/south and North(West/first world) 3. Development 4. Referencing Introduction In this assignment the three concepts will be discussed, defined according to the levels of the development. Third world will be defined and discussed together with the first world and development

To what extent does the media represent people/places by using stereotype Free Essays

Lady Gaga’s music video ‘LoveGame’ was directed by Joseph Kahn in 2009. The video starts with the heading ‘Streamline presents’ and shots of Lady Gaga naked with purple and blue paint and glitter all over her body. The lighting is dark and there are flashing lights. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent does the media represent people/places by using stereotype? or any similar topic only for you Order Now She is seen fooling around with two fully clothed men on a bench. The two men have the words ‘Fame and ‘Love’ shaved on their hair. In many music videos this is evident as women are normally perceived as sex objects and drive home the message that exposed bodies and looks are what count. The scene changes to a subway where Gaga is intimidating a group of men who are a crowded around her. She starts singing in a grey leotard with a hood and wears chain-linked glasses. She carries her trade mark ‘disco-stick’ which is mentioned a lot lyrically in the song. This scene subverts many stereotypes in the music industry. In music videos it is common to see men surrounded by lots of semi-naked women. However in this video Kahn has switched it up and has put Gaga surrounded by men, making her dominant. The next seen shows Lady Gaga making her way through the subway and dancing with three other men at the bottom of the staircase. The subway seems damaged, used and neglected, very similar to those found in cities and other urban places. It is a very realistic representation of train stations/subways as there is also pieces of rubbish lying about and ticket machines in the background/ The scene then shifts to a train where Gaga is dancing amongst male dancers, The train is also a very standard train commonly found in cities, there is nothing luxury about it which makes it very familiar to the audience. She is wearing a different colour to the dancers so she stands out. However she dancing on the same level as them which could represent equality. She soon changes her attire to a black jacket and black leotard, she is now wearing the same colour as the male dancers which show that neither one of the sexes is dominant and that they are equal however this is very short lived as she gets lifted to a higher platform which shows her as powerful and dominant. One element in Lady Gaga’s video that conforms hugely to the stereotype of pop videos/music is the amount of choreographed dancing which is commonly used in pop videos. This may have been done to remind the viewer that it is a pop music video and so it complements the upbeat vibe of the music. It may also encourage viewers to join in and dance along. Gaga and her dancers move on to an under-ground car park. She is seen dancing on a top of a car and her dancers are shown dancing on the floor. This represents status and that Gaga is yet again more dominant than the male dancers and that she is in control. By putting Lady Gaga on a higher platform than the male dancers it she is very clear that she is constantly in control and is just as able as the male dancers around her. She is then shown entering a ticket booth with a male inspector. The ticket booth scene shows Gaga and the inspector kissing, however Gaga is then shown kissing a female inspector in the booth. The inspector changes from a man to woman in each frame. This sexual reference subverts the typical ‘male and female’ stereotype. This scene shows the audience that Gaga clearly does not have a ‘preference’ when it comes to her sexuality. This could connect with an audience who are either bi-sexual or homosexual. It does not have a bias towards any certain type of sexuality and does not discriminate either. This could also create a larger fan base of people who are gay as it is showing that it is acceptable in today’s society. However it may cause controversy and would most likely be discussed in certain magazines and the news in particular countries, the reason for this is that homosexuality has not yet been embraced in every country/society, and it is only just starting to be accepted in certain communities and certain places. The final scene shows Gaga in a choreographed dance routine with her male dancers. As the artist, Gaga is placed at the forefront of the dance crew so that the audience are not side tracked from the main aim of the video which is naturally to promote Lady Gaga and this new style of music. She is dressed in a similar type of outfit as her male dancers and is pulling off the exact same dance moves. This could represent as women being as equivalent to men. The ideology of this video is to show that not all women are subservient to men. Gaga is used as an example to show that women can be sexy, provocative yet powerful. Gaga is shown in a positive light as someone new and fresh and also very unique in her sense of fashion. By the amount of choreographed dancing in this video it also implies that perhaps she wants to be viewed as more than just a singer but also an entertainer and someone who is talented in more ways than others. However this music video can have quite a few negative points to it, such as the sexual references throughout the video, visually as well as lyrically. This video could easily be portrayed as a bad influence to the younger audience. The way Gaga has been represented could go either way, many people will embrace the fact she is empowering women and on the other hand, many will criticise her for being very sexual and explicit. Now that Lady Gaga has begun to subvert stereotypes, it can give other similar artists a reason to be edgy and individual. Many critics will look to these artist and debate whether or not it is suitable way of women to act and be shown in the media behaving in an independent and unique way. This constant debate can seep into the average person’s everyday life; they may discuss certain music videos with friends, especially if they have controversial issues such as ones raised in Lady Gaga’s music videos. It can start conversations, discussions and build the relationship between the groups of people. How to cite To what extent does the media represent people/places by using stereotype?, Papers

Communism In The American Education System Essay Example For Students

Communism In The American Education System Essay -Heather McIntyreSenior Seminar17 January 2001Communism in the American Education SystemAt the height of the Cold War, a new cartoon emerged. Little blue people called Smurfs sang and skipped into the hearts of the American populace. The good, clean antics of the Smurfs were the model of American values, or were they? One should look closely at the Smurfs, their values, their cultures. Surprise! The Smurfs were not capitalistic at all. They were Communists! Communist practices and doctrine have not only infiltrated American television, but they have also become integral parts of America itself. Communism has even become a part of the American education system. How has communism been adopted into the American educational system? Some examples of this infiltration into the classroom include one of the Ten Planks of Communism, atheism, controlled learning, propaganda, school to work programs, and busing. Communism as it is known today was first proposed by Karl Marx in 1848 when he published The Manifesto of the Communist Party (Leone 13). Marx envisioned a Utopian society where everyone was equal. Such a society would combine growth with fairness by allowing the bureaucrats to make most of the decisions concerning the economy (Samuelson). As in The Smurfs, there would be no money, and everyone would contribute what they could and receive what they needed (Schmidt). There would be one manor source of income, and the entire collective would contribute to that source. At the time of Marx, communism stiff fell under the category of socialism. During the last twenty-five years of the nineteenth century, there was a split in the Socialist Party, and communism began to be recognized as a movement of its own. The original Communists were small extremist groups of revolutionaries within the European socialist movement. It was not until the Russian Revolution in 1917 that socialism and communism finally parted ways (Leone 14). By 1985, over one-third of the population of the world claimed to be Marxist, including countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America (Fienberg 2). Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized power when he led the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution and ruled the Soviet Union until his death in 1924 (Remnick). One of Lenins chief advisors was a man by the name of Trotsky. After Lenins death, a power struggle ensued between Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. When Stalin won, he immediately started executing and exiling those who opposed him. T rotsky was forced to flee the Soviet Union and was later assassinated (Leone 46). Somehow, between Marxs writings and Stalins regime, communism had chanted from a system of beliefs for those without power to a system of beliefs brutally imposed on the working class by the government (Fienberg 6). While writing his thoughts on the perfect society in 1948, Karl Marx published his famous Ten Planks of Communism. Marx stated that any country that had all ten planks in practice was a communistic state. The tenth and final plank calls for Free education for all children in government schools. Abolition of childrens factory labor in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production, etc., etc. (Courageous Lion). Stated more clearly, the tenth plank advocates free government education and a combination of schools with the marketplace. In the United States, citizens are taxed to send children to free public schools, and schools often have some program that connects the classroom to the workplace. The NEA, Outcome Based Education, and The Department of Education itself all fall under Marxs tenth plank of the Communist Manifesto (Courageous Lion). According to Marx, the perfect Communistic society is atheistic. In the USSR, religion was banished from all curricula and banned from all public roles (Fienberg). American schools are put in an interesting position. Due to the First Amendment, all children have the right to practice their varied religious customs. However, the clause that separates church from state ensures that the government does not favor one religion over another. Thus, any government-funded school cannot teach religious doctrines or institute school prayers, etc. In a letter addressed to all school principals, the United States Secretary of Education said, ?School officials may not endorse or favor religious activity or doctrine, coerce participation in religious activity, or seek to impose their religious beliefs on impressionable children (qtd. in Secretary of Education). The Secretarys statement means that while students are allowed to express their religious beliefs, teachers are not. In the same letter, th e Secretary stated, ?The right to engage in personal voluntary prayer or religious discussion free from discrimination does not include the right to have a captive audience listen, or compel other students to participate (qtd. in Secretary of Education). It was with the former guidelines in mind that Congress banned all faculty or student-led prayers at football games, graduation ceremonies, etc. Thus, although freedom of religion is guaranteed in the Constitution, the practice of expressing religion in a government funded education system is prohibited. Another facet of Soviet education is controlled learning. In the USSR, the State decided what and where each child would study. Courses in Marxism-Leninism were mandatory, and students in universities were required to pass an exam in Marxist ideology. Science and other fact-based fields mostly escaped politicization, but economics and social sciences were reshaped to conform with Marxist principles. Therefore, ideology governed how history and philosophy were to be taught. Curricula, textbooks, and instruction were related to teaching Communist values (Tift). Trying to share a broader view of history than what was officially acknowledged by the Soviet government was an ordeal. Some teachers managed to form a bond of trust with their students by smuggling forbidden information into classrooms. Others who tried this approach were reported and ended up losing their jobs or worse. Teachers had to choose between either scrapping the government approved syllabus and living at risk or follo wing orders by lying to their students (McMullen). A Visit to the Norton Museum EssayEight states received funding in the first year. New York received the largest grant of eight million dollars for the first year and more than sixty million dollars over five years. New Yorks system included skill standards, skill assessments, skill certificates, and performance-based assessments. Parents, teachers, employers, etc. were required to be involved in determining proper preparation for the workplace. Efforts supported by allocated funds were required to provide equal opportunities for all students. Today, School to Work initiatives in the United States are seen as commonplace (Glass). Another idea instituted by the Soviet Union was busing. While the Soviet Union was still young, Lenin announced that he was upset that the government was doing almost nothing for the rural districts outside official budgets or channels. At this time, relationships between town and county were showing positive effects throughout the country. Lenin wanted to methodically, systematically, and consciously improve the relationship between town and country by getting the government involved. Lenins idea was to attach urban groups to village groups in order to give everyone the same cultural experiences so that everyone would have equal opportunities in life (Basgen). Busing took a slightly different approach in the United States. An outgrowth of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas in 1954, busing was introduced in the early 1970s as a way of achieving racial balance in the schools (Craver and Ozman). In Bradley v. School Board of the City of Richmond, a 1972 Virginia Supreme Court decision, the court of appeals overturned a court-ordered consolidation of Richmond schools because the segregated schools were not a result of legal actions. Rather, the segregated conditions were caused by residential patterns. This pattern held true in many states. In cities including Boston, Cleveland, Los Angeles, and Indianapolis, courts ordered schools to bus black students from the cities to white suburban schools in order to desegregate the school systems. Compulsory busing ended in Los Angeles after state courts ruled that a 1981 referendum banning busing unless the segregation was intentional was Constitutional. In 1986, the Supreme Court declined t o review a busing issue case from Norfolk, Virginia. The court was thought to have been signaling that a city can end court-ordered busing once the schools have been integrated. In 1991, the Supreme Court ruled that court-ordered busing in Oklahoma City could end short of integration if everything practicable had been done to eliminate discrimination and segregation. Busing backfired in the sense that compulsory busing to achieve integration accelerated the flight of white families to the suburbs, thus resegregating urban schools; however, it is interesting to note that the academic performance of minority children improves when they are in classes where middle-class white pupils are the majority (Craver and Ozman). Communism is a part of every country. Marxs ideas of the perfect society were not far off. The problem is that the human race is corrupt. The Soviet Union and other Communist countries corrupted a brilliant idea with their greed. It is in no way wrong to share some good ideas with other people. However, it is wrong to not admit to these similarities. The American school system still has a long way to go before it will realize its full potential. Maybe a touch of Communism is just what this ailing country needs. After all, the Smurfs managed rather well. BibliographyWorks CitedBasgen, Brian. On Education. Pravada 33 (4 Jan 1923): 462-66. reprinted Lenin Internet Archive n.pag. Online. Internet. 26 Oct. 2000. Available WWW: http:// www.marxists.org. Courageous Lion. The Ten Planks of the Communist Manifesto Translated. Geocities Home Page Online. Internet. 27 Oct. 2000. Available WWW:http//:www. geocities.com/7006/com-man.html. Craver, Sam and Howard Ozman. n.tit. The Software Toolworks Multimedia Encyclopedia Version 1.5. CD-ROM. 1992 Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc., 2 Jan. 2001. Fienberg, Barbara S. Marx and Marxism. New York: Franklin Watts, 1985. Glass, Gene V., ed. n.tit. Education Policy Analysis Archives 31 Mar. 1999 n.pag. Online. Internet. 1 Dec. 2000. Available WWW:http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/ v711html. Leone, Bruno, ed. Communism- Opposing Viewpoints. 2nd ed. St. Paul, Minnesota: Greenhaven Press, Inc, 1986. McMullen, Matthew S. Higher Education Finance Reform in the Czech Republic: Transitions in Thought and Practice. Education Policy Analysis Archives 11 Jan 2000: n.pag. Online. Internet. 6 Dec. 2000. Available WWW: http://epaa/asu.edu/epaa/v8n6.html. Molnar, Alex. The Commercial Transformation Americas Schools. Department of Education Homepage n.pag. Online. Internet. 5 Dec. 2000. Available WWW:http//www.uwm.edu/Dept/CACE/documents/cace-00-01.htm. Noah, Harold J. Soviet Educations Unsolved Problems. Education Policy Analysis Archives 11 Jan. 2000: n.pag. Online. Internet. 7 Dec. 2000. Available WWW:http://www.hku.hk/cerc/4a.html. Remnick, David. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Time 13 Apr. 1998: 82-3+. Samuelson, Robert J. Economics Made Easy. Newsweek 27 November 1989: 64. Schmidt, Marc. Socio-Political Themes in The Smurfs. Geocities Home Page 1988: n.pag. Online. Internet. 27 Oct. 2000. Available WWW:http://www.geocities. com/Hollywood/cinema/3117/sociosmurf2.htm. The Scopes Trial. The Software Toolworks Multimedia Encyclopedia Version 1.5. CD- ROM. 1992 Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc., 3 Jan 2001. Secretary of Education . Letter. To All Principals in Public Schools. 27 Jan. 1998. Tift, Susan. Expelling the Ghosts of Marx and Lenin. Time 23 Apr. 1990: 70, 75. Political Issues